Echinarachnius parma
Common sand dollar | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Echinodermata |
Class: | Echinoidea |
Order: | Clypeasteroida |
Family: | Echinarachniidae |
Genus: | Echinarachnius |
Species: | E. parma
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Binomial name | |
Echinarachnius parma Lamarck, 1816
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Synonyms | |
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Echinarachnius parma, the common sand dollar, is a species of sand dollar native to the Northern Hemisphere. [1]
- Subspecies
- Echinarachnius parma obesus H.L. Clark, 1914
- Echinarachnius parma parma (Lamarck, 1816)
- Echinarachnius parma sakkalinensis Argamakowa, 1934
Distribution
[edit]It is found in the North Pacific and Northwest Atlantic, on the North American east coast from New Jersey north, as well as in Alaska, Siberia, British Columbia, and Japan. It inhabits isolated areas on sandy bottoms below the low tide level down to a depth of 5,000 feet (1,500 m).
Description
[edit]The tests (shells) of these sand dollars are round, flat and disc-like, typically measuring 3 inches (7.6 cm) in diameter. The growth rate for this animal is between 3.5 to 6 mm/yr in the latter 5 years of their lifespan, and the lifespan is typically around 8 years.[2] The entire shell is also covered with maroon-colored moveable spines. The color is a purplish brown, becoming bleached white when deceased and washed ashore. This color occurs due to only the hard, calcified exoskeleton remaining, with further bleaching by sun and saltwater as it reaches the shore. As in other echinoderms, they have five-fold radial symmetry, with a petal-shaped structure, or petalidium, on the aboral surface. The feet containing small hair-like structures (cilia) are located on this surface.The mouth, food grooves, and anus are located on the bottom side of the animal.
This and other species of Echinarachnius have been around since the Pliocene epoch.
References
[edit]- ^ Kroh, A.; Mooi, R. (2020). World Echinoidea Database. Echinarachnius parma (Lamarck, 1816). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=158062 on 2020-12-31
- ^ "Population Dynamics, Growth, and Production Estimates for the Sand Dollar Echinarachnius parma | Scientific Publications Office". spo.nmfs.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
- Say, T. (1826). On the species of the Linnean genus Echinus, inhabiting the coast of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 5, 225-229
- Gosner, K. L. (1971). Guide to identification of marine and estuarine invertebrates: Cape Hatteras to the Bay of Fundy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 693 p.
- Linkletter, L. E. (1977). A checklist of marine fauna and flora of the Bay of Fundy. Huntsman Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, N.B. 68: p
- Mortensen, T. (1948). A Monograph of the Echinoidea. IV, 2. Clypeasteroida. Clypeasteridæ, Arachnoidæ, Fibulariidæ, Laganidæ and Scutellidæ. 471 pp., C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen.
- Bromley, J.E.C., and J.S. Bleakney. (1984). Keys to the fauna and flora of Minas Basin. National Research Council of Canada Report 24119. 366 p
- Echinarachnius parma, Animal Diversity Web
External links
[edit]- Lamarck, J. B. M. de. (1816). Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres, Tome troisième [in full: Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres présentant les caractéres généraux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales espèces qui s'y rapportent. [book series]. 586 pp. Paris: Deterville/Verdière.]
- Agassiz, L. 1841. Monographies d'Échinodermes vivans et fossiles. Échinites. Famille des Clypéasteroides. 2 (Seconde Monographie). Des Scutelles. Neuchâtel, Switzerland, i-iv, 1-151, pls 1-27
- Michelin, H. 1859. Notice descriptive de quelques espèces nouvelles d'Echinides, famille de Clypéasteroides, tribu Laganides. Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée, 2, vol. 11, 394-401.
- Say, T. (1826). On the species of the Linnean genus Echinus, inhabiting the coast of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 5, 225-229
- Pollock, L.W. (1998). A practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern North America. Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick, New Jersey & London. 367 pp.
- Trott, T. J. (2004). Cobscook Bay inventory: a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years. Northeastern Naturalist. 11, 261-324