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Order of the Rising Sun

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(Redirected from Order of the Paulownia Sun)
For the Indian chivalric order, see Most Noble Order of the Rising Sun.
For the early 20th century, "World Teacher"–related organization, see Order of the Star in the East § Order of the Rising Sun.

Order of the Rising Sun
旭日章
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1st class)
Awarded by the Emperor of Japan
TypeOrder
Founded10 April 1875[1]
Awarded forMeritorious service to the state
StatusCurrently constituted
SovereignHM The Emperor
Grades1st through 8th Class (1875–2003)
Since 2003:
Grand Cordon
Gold and Silver Star (Rays, Principal Grade)
Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon (Cordon, Middle Grade)
Gold Rays with Rosette (Cordon, Junior Grade)
Gold and Silver Rays (Double Rays)
Silver Rays (Single Ray)
Precedence
Next (higher)Order of the Paulownia Flowers
EquivalentOrder of the Sacred Treasure
Order of the Precious Crown


The Order of the Rising Sun (旭日章, Kyokujitsu-shō) is a Japanese order, established in 1875 by Emperor Meiji. The Order was the first national decoration awarded by the Japanese government,[2] created on 10 April 1875 by decree of the Council of State.[3][4] The badge features rays of sunlight from the rising sun. The design of the Rising Sun symbolizes energy as powerful as the rising sun[5] in parallel with the "rising sun" concept of Japan ("Land of the Rising Sun").

The Order of the Rising Sun is awarded to people who have rendered distinguished service to the state in various fields except military service. Since there is no order for military achievements under the current Japanese system, Japan Self-Defense Forces personnel are awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure for their long engagement in public service.[6] Prior to the end of World War II, it was also awarded for exemplary military service. In 2003, the 7th and 8th Class, which were at the bottom of the Order of the Rising Sun, were abolished, and the upper half of the 1st Class (勲一等, Kun-ittō) was separated as the Order of the Paulownia Flowers, which was higher than the Order of the Rising Sun.[7]

Until 2003, the Order of the Rising Sun was on the same rank as the Order of the Precious Crown, with the Order of the Rising Sun being for men only and the Order of the Precious Crown for women only.[8] The Order of the Sacred Treasure was treated as an order of slightly lower rank than the Order of the Rising Sun and the Order of the Precious Crown. For example, the 1st class of the Order of the Sacred Treasure was placed between the 1st class and the 2nd class of the Order of the Rising Sun and the Order of the Precious Crown, and the 2nd class of the Order of the Sacred Treasure was placed between the 2nd class and the 3rd class of the Order of the Rising Sun and the Order of the Precious Crown.[8]

Since 2003, the Order of the Rising Sun has been awarded not only to men but also to women, and the Order of the Precious Crown has become a special order given only to female members of the imperial family in Japan and female members of royal families in foreign countries, only when it is specifically necessary for diplomatic ceremonies.[8] The Order of the Rising Sun and the Order of the Sacred Treasure became the same rank of orders,[8] and one of them came to be awarded because of the difference in the nature of the contribution to the state.[9] The Order of the Rising Sun is awarded with an emphasis on achievements to the state, and the Order of the Sacred Treasure is awarded with an emphasis on long-term public service.[10]

While it is the third highest order bestowed by the Japanese government, it is however generally the highest ordinarily conferred order. The highest Japanese order, the Order of the Chrysanthemum, is reserved for heads of state or royalty, while the second highest order, the Order of the Paulownia Flowers, is mostly reserved for politicians.

The modern version of this honour has been conferred on non-Japanese recipients beginning in 1981 (although several foreigners were given the honor before World War II).[11] The awarding of the Order is administered by the Decoration Bureau of the Cabinet Office headed by the Japanese Prime Minister. It is awarded in the name of the Emperor and can be awarded posthumously.

Since 2003, the number representing rank included in the official name of the order was removed. As a result, although numbers representing ranks were sometimes used in common names, the formal names such as 勲一等 (Kun-ittō, First Class) and 勲二等 (Kun-nitō, Second Class) were no longer used.[9]

Criteria for awarding

[edit]
US Navy Admiral Dennis C. Blair (2002). He was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1st class) for his contribution to the stability and development of the international community.

The Order of the Rising Sun is awarded to the following;[12]

  • A person who has contributed to the stability and development of the international community.
  • A person who has contributed to the realization of appropriate tax payment.
  • A person who has contributed to the promotion of school education or social education.
  • A person who has contributed to the promotion of culture or sports.
  • A person who has contributed to the promotion of science and technology.
  • A person who has contributed to the improvement and promotion of social welfare.
  • A person who has contributed to the improvement and promotion of the health or public health of citizens.
  • A person who has contributed to the improvement of the working environment for workers.
  • A person who has contributed to environmental conservation.
  • A person who is engaged in the business of agriculture, forestry, fisheries, commerce, mining, industry, information and communications industry, construction industry, real estate industry, finance and insurance industry, service industry, etc., and has contributed to the public interest by developing the economy and industry.
  • A person who has contributed to the public interest by engaging in the services of an attorney, certified public accountant, patent attorney, etc.
  • A person who has contributed to the public interest by engaging in the work of newspapers, broadcasting or other news reporting.
  • A person who has engaged in a public interest business such as Electricity Business, Gas Business, Transportation Business, etc. and has contributed to the promotion of public welfare.
  • A person other than those listed in the preceding items who has contributed to the public interest.

Among them, regulations on the criteria for awarding orders to those who belong to the National Diet, the central and local governments, and courts stipulate in detail which ranks are awarded for each position. For example, the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1st class) is awarded to a person who has made outstanding achievements in his/her position as Prime Minister, Speaker of the House of Representatives, President of the House of Councillors, or Chief Justice of Japan. The Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1st class) or the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Rays (2nd class) are awarded to a person who has made outstanding achievements in his/her position as Minister of State, Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary, Senior Vice-Minister, Vice Speaker of the House of Representatives, Vice President of the House of Councilors, or Judge of the Supreme Court.[13]

Classes

[edit]

The Order was awarded in nine classes until 2003, when the Grand Cordon with Paulownia Flowers was made a separate order, and the lowest two classes were abolished. Since then, it has been awarded in six classes. Conventionally, a diploma is prepared to accompany the insignia of the order, and in some rare instances, the personal signature of the Emperor will have been added. As an illustration of the wording of the text, a translation of a representative 1929 diploma says:

By the grace of Heaven, Emperor of Japan, seated on the throne occupied by the same dynasty from time immemorial,

We confer the Second Class of the Imperial Order of Meiji upon Henry Waters Taft, a citizen of the United States of America and a director of the Japan Society of New York, and invest him with the insignia of the same class of the Order of the Double Rays of the Rising Sun, in expression of the good will which we entertain towards him.

In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hand and caused the Grand Seal of State to be affixed at the Imperial Palace, Tokyo, this thirteenth day of the fifth month of the fourth year of Shōwa, corresponding to the 2,589th year from the accession to the throne of Emperor Jimmu."[14]

Insignia

[edit]

The star for the Grand Cordon and Second Class is a silver star of eight points, each point having three alternating silver rays; the central emblem is identical to the badge. It is worn on the left chest for the Grand Cordon, on the right chest for the 2nd Class.

The badge for the Grand Cordon to Sixth Classes is an eight-pointed badge bearing a central red enamelled sun disc, with gilt points (1st–4th Classes), with four gilt and four silver points (5th Class), or with silver points (6th Class); each point comprises three white enamelled rays. It is suspended from three enamelled paulownia leaves (not chrysanthemum leaves as the Decoration Bureau page claims) on a ribbon in white with red border stripes, worn as a sash from the right shoulder for the Grand Cordon, as a necklet for the 2nd and 3rd Classes and on the left chest for the 4th to 6th Classes (with a rosette for the 4th Class).

The badge for the Seventh and Eighth Classes consisted of a silver medal in the shape of three paulownia leaves, enamelled for the 7th Class and plain for the 8th Class. Both were suspended on a ribbon, again in white with red border stripes, and worn on the left chest. Both classes were abolished in 2003 and replaced by the Order of the Paulownia Flowers, a single-class order that now ranks above the Order of the Rising Sun.

  • Separated into higher order in 2003. (Upper half of the 1st Class before 2003)
    Separated into higher order in 2003. (Upper half of the 1st Class before 2003)
  • Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1st class)
    Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (1st class)
  • The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star (2nd class)
    The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star (2nd class)
  • The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon (3rd class)
    The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon (3rd class)
  • The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette (4th class)
    The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette (4th class)
  • The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Rays (5th class)
    The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Rays (5th class)
  • The Order of the Rising Sun, Silver Rays (6th class)
    The Order of the Rising Sun, Silver Rays (6th class)
  • 7th Class (Abolished in 2003)
    7th Class (Abolished in 2003)
  • 8th Class (Abolished in 2003)
    8th Class (Abolished in 2003)

Notable recipients

[edit]
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

1st Class, Grand Cordon

[edit]

ribbon bar

2nd Class, Gold and Silver Star

[edit]

ribbon bar

3rd Class, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon

[edit]

ribbon bar

4th Class, Gold Rays with Rosette

[edit]

ribbon bar

5th Class, Gold and Silver Rays

[edit]

ribbon bar

6th Class, Silver Rays

[edit]

ribbon bar

7th Class, Green Paulownia Leaves Medal

[edit]

ribbon bar

In 2003, the 7th and 8th levels – named for leaves of the Paulownia tree, long used as a mon (emblem) for the highest levels of Japanese society – were moved to a new and distinct order, the single-class Order of the Paulownia Flowers.[7]

8th Class, white Paulownia Leaves Medal

[edit]

ribbon bar

In 2003, the 7th and 8th levels – named for leaves of the Paulownia tree, long used as a mon (emblem) for the highest levels of Japanese society – were moved to a new and distinct order, the single-class Order of the Paulownia Flowers.[7]

Class unknown

[edit]

ribbon bar

See also

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References

[edit]
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  305. ^ "Conferral of "the Order of the Rising Sun" upon Prof. Dr. Abul Barkat and "the Order of the Sacred Treasure" upon Mr. Khan Jahangir Alam, Mr. Samar Cruze, Mr. Abdul Gafur, Mr. Sujit Kumar Barua, and Mr. Parimal Barua". Embassy of Japan in Bangladesh.
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  336. ^ "Alumni William (Miller Kisselman) Imbrie, D.D.". The Princeton Seminary Bulletin. 23 (2): 572. 1929.
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  342. ^ "British Columbian Awarded Japan's Prestigious Order of the Rising Sun". Consulate-General of Japan in Vancouver.
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  344. ^ "Włodzimierz Kwieciński odznaczony Orderem Wschodzącego Słońca, Złote Promienie z Rozetą". 17 June 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  345. ^ Lasorda honored by Japan, MLB.com, 3 December 2008
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  348. ^ "Alfred F. MAJEWICZ, professor tytularny zwyczajny, doktor habilitowany" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  349. ^ "Leiji Matsumoto, Shigeru Mizuki Earn Government Honors". Anime News Network. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
  350. ^ "Mayor Hazel McCallion Awarded the Order of the Rising Sun". City of Mississauga. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  351. ^ "Rokusaburo Michiba". FutureToday Inc. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
  352. ^ "Mission Inn Hands on History, Frank A. Miller Order of the Rising Sun". Archived from the original on 28 August 2010.
  353. ^ "宮本信子 「旭日小綬章」受章しました". 3 November 2022.
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  355. ^ "Raymond Moriyama receives Award From Emperor of Japan". Canadian Architect. 4 February 2004. Retrieved 9 June 2022.
  356. ^ "Maestro Kent Nagano Awarded Order of the Rising Sun". Consulate-General of Japan in San Francisco. 7 December 2008. Archived from the original on 13 May 2012.
  357. ^ NAMCO AMERICA INC – Masaya Nakamura receives prestigious award Archived 23 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine coinopTODAY.com, 25 October 2007 (retrieved 2007-25-10)
  358. ^ Honor awarded 1915: Kita, Atsushi (2005). Dr. Noguchi's Journey: A Life of Medical Search and Discovery, p. 196.
  359. ^ "Japan to Honor Gustaf Olson". The Honolulu Advertiser. 5 August 1955.
  360. ^ "Consul Olson Feted At Reception". The Honolulu Advertiser. 31 August 1955.
  361. ^ Muranaka, Gwen (1 March 2022), "Ono Emotional at Conferment Ceremony", Rafu Shimpo
  362. ^ "Ivica Osim dobio priznanje vlade Japana". OSLOBODJENJE. 24 July 2013.
  363. ^ "Embassy of Japan in Belgium". www.be.emb-japan.go.jp.
  364. ^ "2018 Spring Conferment of Decoration on Foreign Nationals" (PDF).
  365. ^ "The Conferral of the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette upon Dr Edwina Palmer" (PDF) (Press release). Wellington, New Zealand: Embassy of Japan in New Zealand. 3 November 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.
  366. ^ Yasushi, Akashi (2013). ドナルド・リチー. International House of Japan. ISBN 978-4-924971-36-3.
  367. ^ "Golgo 13's Saito, Sunset on 3rd St.'s Saigan Win Medals". Anime News Network. 28 April 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  368. ^ "Spring Conferment of Decoration from Japan The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette, Mr. Ian Michael Scher" (PDF). Embassy of Japan in South Africa. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  369. ^ Pierson, Delvan L. (1918). The Missionary Review of the World, January to December 1917. pp. xiv.
  370. ^ Anime News Network: "Frederik L. Schodt Wins The Order of the Rising Sun Award," 29 April 2009.
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  372. ^ "Embassy of Japan in India: Press Releases from the Embassy". www.in.emb-japan.go.jp.
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  374. ^ Honor awarded 2013. "Conferral of the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette upon Mr. Terry T. Shima"
  375. ^ Honor awarded 1999: Whiting, David. "Obituary: Tatsuzo Shimaoka; Japanese potter steeped in folk traditions who became a cultural ambassador," The Guardian (Manchester). 17 January 2008.
  376. ^ "春の褒章660人・22団体 落語家の春風亭小朝さんら" [Decorations in spring: 660 people and 22 organizations] (in Japanese). Cabinet Office (Japan). 28 April 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  377. ^ "Image gallery: medal". British Museum.
  378. ^ "Piksi za "Blic": Meni orden, Srbiji priznanje". Blic. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  379. ^ Komatsu, Mikikazu. "Dragon Quest Composer Koichi Sugiyama Receives The Order of the Rising Sun Award". Crunchyroll. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
  380. ^ "舘ひろしが旭日小綬章を受章「思いもかけぬ栄誉」" [Hiroshi Tachi receives Order of the Rising Sun]. Nikkan Sports. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  381. ^ "George Takei, bio notes". Georgetakei.com. Archived from the original on 22 September 2001. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
  382. ^ "2023 Fall Imperial Decoration". Consulate-General of Japan in Honolulu. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  383. ^ "Former Washington State Lawmaker Kip Tokuda Dies at 66", Rafu Shimpo, 18 July 2013
  384. ^ Honor awarded 1942: Tsuji, Masanobu. (1997). Japan's Greatest Victory, Britain's Worst Defeat, p. 108.
  385. ^ Tarzan Ament, Deloris (15 March 2003). "Tsutakawa, George (1910–1997)". Historylink.org.
  386. ^ Honor conferred 1964: North Austin Tae Kwan Do: "Chronology of the Life of Morihei Ueshiba, Founder of Aikido."
  387. ^ "Japan Imperial Decoration The Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette conferred upon Judge Raymond S. Uno, Former President of National Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) - The Consulate-General of Japan in Denver". www.denver.us.emb-japan.go.jp. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  388. ^ Honor awarded 1996: Columbia University, Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures, Faculty Profiles
  389. ^ a b Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan): 2010 Spring Conferment of Decorations on Foreign Nationals, p. 8.
  390. ^ Sadao Watanabe official website: biography Archived 14 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  391. ^ "秋の叙勲、渡哲也さんら4193人 旭日大綬章に御手洗氏" [2013 Autumn medal] (in Japanese). The Nikkei. 3 November 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
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  393. ^ http://www.yamagishi.com.br Archived 26 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  394. ^ "Grant Ujifusa Awarded Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Rays".
  395. ^ "Grant Ujifusa, Japanese American Redress: Scenes from Behind the Scenes".
  396. ^ "Japanese Government honours Mrs Mary-Grace Browning MBE". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  397. ^ "Muharrem Demirci'ye Japonya'nın İstanbul Başkonsolosluğu tarafından nişan verildi".
  398. ^ "Apdovanojimas : Embassy of Japan in Lithuania". www.lt.emb-japan.go.jp.
  399. ^ "Recipients of Spring 2021 Decorations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  400. ^ "平成29年春の叙勲" (PDF). www8.cao.go.jp.
  401. ^ Endo, Ellen (5 November 2012). "Mikwaya CEO Hashimoto Passes at 69". Rafu Shimpo. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  402. ^ "Dosen Indonesia Rino Wicaksono Raih Gelar the Order of the Rising Sun dari Jepang". 3 November 2021.
  403. ^ "Press Release, Embassy of Japan in South Africa, 29th April, 2020. 2020 Spring Conferment of Decoration from Japan, Abdullah Ibrahim" (PDF). Embassy of Japan in South Africa. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  404. ^ Gronczewska, Anna (13 November 2009). "Szyfrant, który sprawił cud".
  405. ^ "Kira Liscutín Córdova de Abreu recibe la Condecoración del "Orden del Sol Naciente, Rayos de Oro y Plata"". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  406. ^ "Scholarships Top a Record $1 Million; Banquet Honors Generous Donors | School of Dentistry". dentistry.umkc.edu. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  407. ^ "Lori Matsukawa, Tom Sasaki Win Imperial Awards", North American Post, 22 May 2022
  408. ^ "A Missionary Voice from Africa -- Fr. Jude McKenna アフリカからの宣教師の声:ザンビアでの50年間の宣教活動 ジュード・マッケナ神父OFM Cap". YouTube. 7 January 2022.
  409. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan; 2012 Autumn Conferment of Decorations on Foreign Nationals, p. 6.
  410. ^ Cordileone, Elvira. "Kenzo Mori: An impact on two shores," The Star (Toronto). 22 January 2007.
  411. ^ Unpaginated editors' chronology appended to Kiyoshi Nishiyama, Shunkō shūshoku (春光秋色) / Seasonal Aspects of Japan (Tokyo: Asahi Sonorama, 1979) (in Japanese and English).
  412. ^ Chinen, Karleen C. (2012). Hawaii's AJA Pioneers: One hundred profiles commemorating the centennial of the Hawaii Hochi. Honolulu: Hawaii Hochi. pp. 18–19.
  413. ^ "Was a celebration From Kishida Masuo's official website". 11 February 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2013.(岸田益雄公式ページ - 祝賀会でした)
  414. ^ "和道流空手道連盟". www.wado-ryu.jp. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
  415. ^ "London Gazette issues 33043-p2919". Retrieved 9 July 2023.
  416. ^ "Major Douglas Estment Randall, MC". Queensland Family Trees. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  417. ^ Honor awarded 1884: [4]. "The Pacific Commercial Advertiser" (Honolulu). 26 August 1884.
  418. ^ Hernández A., Lysalex (28 November 2012). "Inés Sánchez recibirá condecoración de Japón" [Inés Sánchez to Receive Decoration from Japan]. La Nación (in Spanish). San José. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  419. ^ "Conferment Ceremony of 2015 Autumn Imperial Decorations for Foreign Recipients". Embassy of Japan in Malaysia. 4 December 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  420. ^ "Congratulations to Mr. Garrett Serikawa and Dr. Dennis Ogawa!" (PDF). Legacies. Vol. 23, no. 1. Spring 2017. p. 7.
  421. ^ Scott, Ellen (9 November 2017). "85-year-old Doreen receives prestigious award for her contribution to sumo wrestling". Metro. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
  422. ^ Betty, Lou Kam (14 November 2017), "Remembrance – Aloha Oe to a Pacific Soul, Dr. Yoshiko Sinoto", The Hawaii Herald
  423. ^ Imada, Vaughn (24 August 2015). "2015 Members of USJF Hall of Fame". United States Judo Federation. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  424. ^ ""Reception in Honor of Mr. Seiichi Tanaka, Grand Master of San Francisco Taiko Dojo", Consulate-General of Japan in San Francisco, 13 February 2014". Archived from the original on 23 October 2015.
  425. ^ "Otra condecoración para la diputada Alicia Terada" (in Spanish). 9 August 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  426. ^ "Obituary". British Medical Journal. 2 (3844): 496. 1934. PMC 2445123. PMID 20778528.
  427. ^ "Ted Tsukiyama", Discover Nikkei, 2019
  428. ^ "Wheeler Work in Japan Translated into English | Concord, MA Patch". Patch.com. 7 August 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  429. ^ Tetsuo Takasaki, Hyōden oyatoi Amerikajin seinen kyōshi: Uiriamu Hoīrā = William Wheeler, 1851–1932 (Tōkyō : Kajima Shuppankai, 2004).
  430. ^ Honor awarded 1983: "Origami artist of stunning originality who became an ambassador for Japanese culture and his art". The Times (London). 30 March 2005; Lister, David. "Obituary: Akira Yoshizawa; Japanese craftsman who singlehandedly revived the art of origami," The Guardian (Manchester). 8 April 2005.
  431. ^ "Branislav Crnogorac odlikovan japanskim Ordenom izlazećeg sunca". www.klix.ba (in Serbo-Croatian). 3 November 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
  432. ^ "Japanese Imperial Commendation awarded to Grand Master Mutsuko Minegishi". 4 November 2024.
  433. ^ Japanese Embassy to Lebanon website
  434. ^ Honor awarded on 1971: Henshall, Mary. "Pioneer Portraits: Henry and Fumiko Fujii," Idaho Yesterdays., Spring, 1975, pp. 20–27; Washington State University Libraries: "Furthering friendship between Japan and the United States, April 1971" Archived 9 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  435. ^ "Fudeko receives Japan's Order of the Rising Sun". Western Advocate. 29 April 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  436. ^ "Award from the Emperor of Japan presented to Shigeo Uota". Online Archive of California. 29 April 1985.
  437. ^ "한국사데이터베이스". db.history.go.kr. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  438. ^ Orliński, Bolesław. "Moje wrażenia z lotu do Tokjo" Lwów 1933, p. 79.
  439. ^ "Jack Road". www.jackroad.co.jp.
  440. ^ "Browning, Ralph (Tom)". AVHoF.org. 5 Pints Productions. Retrieved 14 August 2018.
  441. ^ Honor awarded in 1906: "Cruiser 'Livia' in Kobe to Greet Italians", Osaka Mainichi. 28 July 1922.
  442. ^ Men & Women of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporaries. New York: L.R. Hamersly. 1910. p. 362.
  443. ^ Craig, Albert M. (2010). The heritage of Japanese Civilization. Boston: Prentice Hall. pp. Author Bio. ISBN 978-0-13-600524-7.
  444. ^ Ohio University Libraries. "Scholars and Librarians in East Asian Studies (North America) - William Theodore de Bary". Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
  445. ^ "Uncle Bob", Time, 10 September 1945.
  446. ^ "A. John Ellis". Simon Fraser University. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014.
  447. ^ Arlington National Cemetery: Granville Roland Foretscue
  448. ^ Cynthia Peters (4 April 2006). "Frank B. Gibney, 81, One of the Nation's Preeminent Experts on Asia and President of the Pacific Basin Institute at Pomona College, Has Died". Pomona College. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
  449. ^ "Jeszcze jeden globtroter?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2010.
  450. ^ "前JIHF副会長片岡勲氏「春の叙勲で旭日双光章を受章". Japan Ice Hockey Federation (in Japanese). 12 May 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2024.
  451. ^ Honor awarded 1891: Penicuik Community Development Trust (UK): Cargill Gilston Knott
  452. ^ "Professor Wiesław Kotański (1915–2005) wybitny uczony, japonista, wychowawca pokoleń". Archived from the original on 24 May 2013.
  453. ^ "amb. Henryk LIPSZYC" (PDF).
  454. ^ Ozaki, Yukio. (2001). The Autobiography of Ozaki Yukio: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in Japan, p. 393.
  455. ^ Honor awarded 1918: RAF web page
  456. ^ Honor awarded 1994: Weatherhead East Asian Institute, The Reed
  457. ^ Honor awarded 1874: "A Victory for the Chinese; Japanese Driven with Heavy Loss from Ping-yang", The New York Times, 22 August 1894.
  458. ^ emabe.pl (23 October 2011). "WIADOMOŚCI - Spotkanie z prof. Franciszkiem Ziejką".
  459. ^ Russian: «Полный послужной список Корпуса Инженер Механиков Генерал-Майора Зарубина 1-го» (ЦГАВМФ СССР Фонд 406 опись 3 дело 960 лист 21 (оборотный)); English: "A full track record of Mechanical Engineering Corps Major-General Zarubin 1st" (Central State Archive of the Navy of the Soviet Union (Russian State Naval Archives now), Fond 406 inventory 3 file 960 sheet 21 (reverse side))

Further reading

[edit]
  • Peterson, James W., Barry C. Weaver and Michael A. Quigley (2001). Orders and Medals of Japan and Associated States. San Ramon, California: Orders and Medals Society of America. ISBN 1-890974-09-9.
[edit]
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