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Viceroy of Kush

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Viceroy of Kush in hieroglyphs
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Sa-nisut-n-Kush
Sꜣ-nswt-n-Kꜣš
King's Son of Kush

The former Kingdom of Kerma in Nubia, was a province of ancient Egypt from the 16th century BCE to 11th century BCE. During this period, the region was ruled by a viceroy who reported directly to the Egyptian Pharaoh.

Initially the position was titled “King’s Son of the Southern Countries” and “King’s Son, Overseer of the Southern Foreign Countries” but by the reign of Thutmose IV the title “King’s Son of Kush” appears and becomes standard.[1]

The viceroy was responsible for overseeing the area north of the Third Cataract, which was divided into Wawat in the north, centered at Aniba, and Kush in the south, centered at Soleb during the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt and later at Amara West. They were supported in this task by two deputies, a number of scribes, an overseer of cattle, and the priests of local Egyptian built temples.[1][2]

Paintings in the tomb of Amenhotep Huy in the Theban necropolis depict some of the activities of a viceroy including overseeing the collection and tallying of tribute, and the delivery of said tribute by boat to the pharaoh in Thebes.[3][1]

The title eventually lapsed under Piankh, who led an unsuccessful campaign against his rebellious predecessor Pinehesy. After this point the title is attested only in a few tomb inscriptions outside of Nubia such as one of the wives of Pinedjem II who was named 'Superintendent of Southern Foreign Lands and Viceroy Kush' for unclear reasons.[1][4]

List of Viceroys

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Below is a list of viceroys mainly based on a list assembled by George Reisner.

Name Dynasty King (Pharaoh) Comment
Ahmose called Si-Tayit Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ahmose I[5] Possibly the first Viceroy.
Ahmose called Turo Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Amenhotep I and Thutmose I Son of Ahmose called Si-Tayit
Seni Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Thutmose I and Thutmose II
Penre Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Hatshepsut
Inebny called Amenemnekhu Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Hatshepsut and Thutmose III First attested in year 18, and serving until about year 22.
Nehi Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Thutmose III Attested in year 22 or 23 of Tuthmosis III.
Usersatet Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Amenhotep II
Amenhotep Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Thutmose IV and Amenhotep III
Merymose Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Amenhotep III
Tuthmosis Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Akhenaten
Amenhotep called Huy Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Tutankhamun Buried in TT40
Paser I Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ay and Horemheb Son of the Viceroy Amenhotep called Huy
Amenemopet Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Seti I and Ramesses II Son of Paser and grandson of Amenhotep Huy
Yuny Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses II Served as Head of the stable under Sety I and was later promoted to Viceroy.[6]
Heqanakht Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses II
Paser II Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses II Son of the High Priest of Min and Isis named Minmose. Related to the family of Parennefer called Wennefer.
Huy Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses II[7] He may have served either before or after Setau. Huy was also Mayor of Tjarw and a royal messenger to the Hatti. According to an inscription, he escorted Queen Maathorneferure from Hatti to Egypt.
Setau Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses II
Anhotep Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses II[7] Buried in TT300.
Mernudjem Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt possibly a Viceroy under Ramesses II[7]
Khaemtir Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Merneptah[8]
Messuy Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Merneptah, perhaps Amenmesse, and Seti II
Seti Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Siptah
Hori I Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Setnakhte Son of Kama.
Hori II Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses III and Ramesses IV Son of Hori I.
Siese Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses VI
Nahihor Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses VII and perhaps Ramesses VIII
Wentawat Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses IX Son of Nahihor
Ramessesnakht Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses IX[9] Son of Wentawat.
Pinehesy Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses XI Played a role in suppressing the High Priest of Amun Amenhotep.
Setmose Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses XI[10]
Piankh Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses XI Piankh was also the High Priest of Amun.
Herihor Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses XI
Akheperre Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Menkheperre The el-Hibeh archive mentions Akheperre who is a Third Priest of Amun and a Viceroy of Kush.[11]
Neskhons Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt Siamun Daughter of Smendes II and Queen Takhentdjehuti, and wife of the High Priest of Amun Pinedjem II. Buried in the cache in DB320
Pamiu I Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt Osorkon III The title of Viceroy is attested on the coffins of his grandsons.[11]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d Valbelle, Dominique (2020). "Egyptian Conquest and Administration of Nubia". In Emberling, Geoff; Williams, Bruce (eds.). The Oxford handbook of Ancient Nubia. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-049627-2.
  2. ^ Edwards, David N. (2004). "Lower Nubia in the New Kingdom". The Nubian Past. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415369886.
  3. ^ "The tomb of Huy, viceroy of Nubia in the reign of Tutʻankhamūn (no. 40) copied in line and colour by Nina de Garis Davies and with explanatory text by Alan H. ... v.4". HathiTrust. Retrieved 2024-11-26.
  4. ^ Edwards, David (2004). The Nubian Past. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 106, 117. ISBN 9780415369886.
  5. ^ Edwards, The Cambridge ancient history, Volumes 1-3, 2000, pg 299 and 348
  6. ^ The Viceroys of Ethiopia (Continued) by George A. Reisner, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, vol. 6, No. 2. (Apr., 1920), pp. 73-88.
  7. ^ a b c Kitchen, K.A., Ramesside Inscriptions, Translated & Annotated, Translations, Volume III, Blackwell Publishers, 1996
  8. ^ Dodson, Poisoned Legacy: The Fall of the Nineteenth Egyptian Dynasty, American University in Cairo Press, 2010
  9. ^ P. Pamminger, Göttinger Miszellen 137 (1993), 79-86
  10. ^ Briant Bohleke, An Ex Voto of the Previously Unrecognized Viceroy Setmose, Göttinger Miszellen 85 (1985), 13-24
  11. ^ a b Gerard P.F. Broekman, The Leading Theban Priests of Amun and their Families under Libyan Rule, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 96 (2010), pp. 125-148

Further reading

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  • George A. Reisner, The Viceroys of Ethiopia, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Jan., 1920), pp. 28–55.
  • George A. Reisner, The Viceroys of Ethiopia (Continued), The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Apr., 1920), pp. 73–88.