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Center for Strategic and International Studies

Coordinates: 38°54′07″N 77°02′31″W / 38.90194°N 77.04194°W / 38.90194; -77.04194
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Not to be confused with Centre for Strategic and International Studies (Indonesia).

Center for Strategic and International Studies
AbbreviationCSIS
Formation1962; 62 years ago (1962)
TypeForeign policy think tank
52-1501082[1]
Legal status501(c)(3) nonprofit organization[2]
Headquarters1616 Rhode Island Avenue NW
Location
Coordinates38°54′07″N 77°02′31″W / 38.90194°N 77.04194°W / 38.90194; -77.04194
John J. Hamre[3]
Thomas J. Pritzker[4]
AffiliationsGeorgetown University (1962–1987)
Revenue$43,431,720[1] (in 2014)
Expenses$38,935,803[1] (Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "$".% of revenue in 2014)
Endowment$12,522,632[1]
Employees354[1] (in 2014)
Volunteers274[1] (in 2014)
Websitewww.csis.org Edit this at Wikidata

The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) is an American think tank based in Washington, D.C.[5] From its founding in 1962 until 1987, it was an affiliate of Georgetown University, initially named the Center for Strategic and International Studies of Georgetown University. The center conducts policy studies and strategic analyses of political, economic and security issues throughout the world, with a focus on issues concerning international relations, trade, technology, finance, energy and geostrategy.[6]

Since its founding, CSIS "has been dedicated to finding ways to sustain American prominence and prosperity as a force for good in the world", according to its website.[7] CSIS is officially a bipartisan think tank with scholars that represent varying points of view across the political spectrum. It is known for inviting well-known foreign policy and public service officials from the U.S. Congress and the executive branch, including those affiliated with either the Democratic or the Republican Party as well as foreign officials of varying political backgrounds. It has been labeled a "centrist" think tank by U.S. News & World Report.[8]

The center hosts the Statesmen's Forum, a bipartisan venue for international leaders to present their views. Past speakers have included United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and National Security Advisor Tom Donilon.[9] The center also conducts the CSIS-Schieffer School Dialogues, a series of multiple discussions hosted by Bob Schieffer of CBS News, and the Global Security Forum, which has featured keynote addresses by Defense Department officials, including former Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel.[10]

History

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1960s

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The center was founded in 1962[11] by Arleigh Burke and David Manker Abshire.[12] It originally was part of Georgetown University. It officially opened its doors on September 4, shortly before the Cuban Missile Crisis. The original office was located one block away from Georgetown's campus in a small brick townhouse located at 1316 36th Street. The first professional staff member hired was Richard V. Allen who later served in the Reagan administration.[13]

At a conference held in the Hall of Nations at Georgetown University in January 1963,[14] the center developed its blueprint for its intellectual agenda. The book that emerged from the conference, National Security: Political, Military and Economic Strategies in the Decade Ahead, was more than one thousand pages long.[15] The book set out a framework for discussing national security and defined areas of agreement and disagreement within the Washington foreign policy community during the Cold War. The book argued for a strategic perspective on global affairs and also defined a school of thought within international relations studies for that period. The practitioners of this school of thought subsequently made their way to the pinnacles of U.S. policymaking, particularly during the Nixon, Ford and Reagan administrations.[16]

1970s

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By the mid to late 1970s, many scholars who worked at the center had found their way to senior positions in government in the Department of State or Department of Defense. When Henry Kissinger retired from his position as U.S. Secretary of State in 1977,[17] Harvard University declined to offer him a professorship. He decided to teach part-time at Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service[18] and to make CSIS the base for his Washington operations, over offers to teach at Yale, Penn, Columbia, and Oxford.[19] Kissinger's decision to become affiliated with the Washington-based institution attracted more public attention for the center than virtually any event in the preceding fifteen years.[20]

Following Kissinger's involvement, other cabinet-level officials, including James Schlesinger, Bill Brock, William J. Crowe, and Harold Brown, joined CSIS in the late 1970s. When Zbigniew Brzezinski joined the center in 1981 after the end of the Carter administration, he worked on issues related to the Soviet Union and Poland's transition to a market economy. The arrangements for these senior government officials allowed them to write, lecture, and consult with media and business firms, and are typical of the way CSIS can incorporate high-level policymakers when they leave government.[21] During the 1970s and 1980s, a myriad of think tanks either expanded operations or emerged in Washington, D.C., representing a range of ideological positions and specialized policy interests.[22]

1980s

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In 1986, several Georgetown University professors criticized CSIS staff members for giving academically unsupported assessments of foreign policy issues during public interviews.[23] Donations to Georgetown University decreased because of its association with CSIS.[citation needed] A special committee studied the friction, and its report stated that CSIS was more focused on the media than to scholarly research and recommended that CSIS be formally separated from Georgetown University.[23] On October, 17, 1986, Georgetown University's board of directors voted to sever all ties with CSIS.[23]

The Center for Strategic and International Studies was incorporated in Washington, D.C. on December 29, 1986,[24] and the formal affiliation between Georgetown and CSIS ended on July 1, 1987.

1990s

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The center became an incorporated nonprofit organization to raise its endowment and expand its programs to focus on emerging regions of the world. The work of the trustees and counselors with the center after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1980s left CSIS in a unique position to develop the nation's foreign policy with the United States as the world's sole superpower. It signified a degree of institutional maturation and prestige that the founders had not imagined when they founded the center in the early 1960s.[25]

After the end of the Cold War, there emerged a suspicion in Washington that the United States was not as well equipped as it ought to be to compete in the international economy. This outlook drove CSIS to set up a project in early 1990 that, to some, seemed removed from traditional strategic and international concerns.[26] The idea that America should focus on its problems at home to strengthen its role abroad evolved into the Commission on the Strengthening of America, chaired by Senator Sam Nunn and Senator Pete Domenici.

David Abshire saw the commission as a way to examine and improve upon economic policy, coming to the conclusion that the White House should reorganize the Executive Office of the President to include a National Economic Council with a national economic adviser on the model of the National Security Council.[27] This new focus on economic policy led CSIS to increase its research focus on international economics and issues concerning the North American Free Trade Agreement, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank as well as global health and the environmental and societal effects of climate change. These issues merged into CSIS's mission to complement its traditional focus on international security issues. Up to the present day, CSIS has been dedicated to finding ways to sustain American prominence and prosperity as a force for good in the world, according to the CSIS website.[7]

21st century

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In 2013, CSIS moved from its K Street headquarters to a new location on Rhode Island Avenue in Washington, D.C. The new building cost $100 million to build and has a studio for media interviews and room to host conferences, events, lectures and discussions. The building is located in Washington, D.C.'s Dupont Circle neighborhood and will earn LEED Platinum Certification.[28][29][30]

In 2015, H. Andrew Schwartz, a senior vice president at CSIS, was quoted describing the organization's "number one goal" as "hav[ing] impact on policy."[31] Defending the organization from claims that it had inappropriately engaged in lobbying on behalf of U.S. defense contractors, CEO John Hamre was quoted in 2016 as saying, "We strongly believe in our model of seeking solutions to some of our country's most difficult problems.... We gather stakeholders, vet ideas, find areas of agreement and highlight areas of disagreement."[29]

In 2024, the Center was designated as an "undesirable organization" in Russia.[32]

Funding

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For fiscal year 2013, CSIS had an operating revenue of US$32.3 million. The sources were 32% corporate, 29% foundation, 19% government, 9% individuals, 5% endowment, and 6% other. CSIS had operating expenses of $32.2 million for 2013—78% for programs, 16% for administration, and 6% for development.[33]

In September 2014, The New York Times reported that the United Arab Emirates had donated a sum greater than $1 million to the organization. Additionally, CSIS has received an undisclosed amount of funding from Japan through the government-funded Japan External Trade Organization, as well as from Norway. After being contacted by the Times, CSIS released a list of foreign state donors, listing 13 governments including those of Germany and China.[34] The Center for Strategic and International Studies CSIS lists major funding from defense contractors such as Northrop Grumman, Lockheed Martin, Boeing, General Dynamics, Raytheon Company and General Atomics.[35]

Significant funding has come from the governments of the United States, Japan, Taiwan, and the United Arab Emirates.[36]

Programs and events

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The headquarters of CSIS on DuPont Circle in Washington, D.C.

CSIS undertakes numerous programs and projects each with its own unique missions and interests. The Defense-Industrial Initiatives Group, for instance,[37] provides research into the defense industry on behalf of government and corporate customers. The Global Health Policy Center[38] focuses on U.S. engagements in HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, polio, and other high priorities, especially their intersection with U.S. national security interests.

CSIS has often provided a platform for high-profile figures to make important statements about international relations issues. For example, in September 2019, former National Security Advisor John Bolton delivered his first speech since leaving office at CSIS, and used the opportunity to be highly critical of US policy towards North Korea.[39]

In 2012, CSIS hosted U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton as she delivered a keynote address on "U.S. Strategic Engagement with North Africa in an Era of Change," that addressed the security of embassies in the wake of the 2012 Benghazi attack.[40]

CSIS hosts more than 350 students and professionals every year for variety of seminars and programming.[41] CSIS also offers a master program in international relations in collaboration with the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at Syracuse University.[42][43]

Project on Nuclear Issues

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The Project on Nuclear Issues (PONI) is a program hosted by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) to advance the public debate about the future role nuclear technology will play on the world stage. Created in 2003 with support from a few government agencies and private donations, PONI has two stated goals. First, it seeks to "build and sustain a networked community of young nuclear experts from the military, the national laboratories, industry, academia, and the policy community." Second, "[work] to contribute to the debate and leadership on nuclear issues by generating new ideas and discussions among both its members and the public-at-large."[44]

Regarding its philosophy, the PONI public website states:

"Perhaps the most critical challenge in sustaining the US nuclear deterrent after the end of the Cold War is maintaining the human infrastructure necessary to support US nuclear capabilities. This is especially true as the human infrastructure necessary to support a nuclear stockpile at the envisioned level of 1700-2200 operational warheads is not appreciably smaller than that necessary to support one at current levels. The challenge is therefore to maintain a smaller, but still vibrant, community of nuclear experts."[44]

Clark A. Murdock started PONI when it was widely recognized that the nuclear community faced an impending crisis. With the widespread and rapid retirement of nuclear scientists and experts from the national laboratories, private industry, and the government. His study Revitalizing the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent, co-authored with Michèle Flournoy, documented these concerns with shocking clarity. Clark initiated PONI out of concern about the future leadership and expertise of the nuclear community.[45]

Publications

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CSIS publishes books, reports, newsletters, and commentaries targeted at decision makers in policy, government, business, and academia. Primarily it publishes the work of its experts in a specific topic or area of focus in global affairs, including:

  • The Washington Quarterly, CSIS's flagship journal of international affairs that chronicles the "strategic global changes and their impact on public policy.[46]
  • Critical Questions in which experts affiliated with the think tank provide quick answers to news questions posed international events. For example, Ambassador Karl Inderfurth might answer questions regarding India–United States relations.
  • The Freeman Report Newsletter, a foreign policy periodical, focusing on economics and international security in Asia and China since the 1970s.
  • New Perspectives in Foreign Policy, a journal for young professionals in international affairs.

CSIS scholars have published op-eds in The New York Times,[47] The Wall Street Journal,[48] The Financial Times,[49] Foreign Policy, Foreign Affairs and The Washington Post. CSIS experts were quoted or cited thousands of times by the print and online press and appeared frequently in major newswires like the Associated Press, Reuters, Agence France Presse and Bloomberg News. They have also appeared in online media such as The Huffington Post[50] and Summit News,[51] WSJ Live and were regular guests on the PBS NewsHour, NPR's Morning Edition and other policy-focused interview shows such as the Charlie Rose Show.[9]

CSIS also has its own YouTube channel,[52] which regularly posts short videos and infographics about the think tank's work.

Notable scholars

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Current

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  • Hadeil Ali, Director, Diversity and Leadership in International Affairs Program
  • Gregory C. Allen, Director, Wadhwani AI Center
  • Jon B. Alterman, Senior Vice President, Zbigniew Brzezinski Chair in Global Security and Geostrategy, and Director, Middle East Program
  • Gracelin Baskaran, Director, Critical Minerals Security Program
  • Ryan C. Berg, Director, Americas Program
  • Max Bergmann, Director, Europe, Russia, and Eurasia Program and Stuart Center
  • Kari A. Bingen, Director, Aerospace Security Project and Senior Fellow, International Security Program
  • Jude Blanchette, Freeman Chair in China Studies
  • Victor Cha, President, Geopolitics and Foreign Policy Department and Korea Chair
  • Eliot A. Cohen, Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy
  • Cynthia Cook, Director, Defense-Industrial Initiatives Group and Senior Fellow, International Security Program
  • Mvemba Phezo Dizolele, Director and Senior Fellow, Africa Program
  • Charles Edel, Senior Adviser and Australia Chair
  • Navin Girishankar, President, Economic Security and Technology Department
  • Emily Harding, Vice President, Defense and Security Department; Director, Intelligence, National Security, and Technology Program
  • Seth G. Jones, President, Defense and Security Department; Harold Brown Chair
  • Tom Karako, Director, Missile Defense Project and Senior Fellow, Defense and Security Department
  • Scott Kennedy, Senior Adviser and Trustee Chair in Chinese Business and Economics
  • James Andrew Lewis, Senior Vice President; Pritzker Chair; and Director, Strategic Technologies Program
  • Bonny Lin, Director, China Power Project and Senior Adviser
  • Joseph Majkut, Director, Energy Security and Climate Change Program
  • Kathleen McInnis, Director, Smart Women, Smart Power Initiative and Senior Fellow, Defense and Security Department
  • J. Stephen Morrison, Senior Vice President and Director, Global Health Policy Center
  • Eric Palomaa, Director, Hess Center for New Frontiers
  • Gregory B. Poling, Director and Senior Fellow, Southeast Asia Program and Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative
  • William Alan Reinsch, Senior Adviser, Economics Program and Scholl Chair in International Business
  • Richard M. Rossow, Senior Adviser and Chair on India and Emerging Asia Economics
  • Daniel FitzGerald Runde, Senior Vice President; William A. Schreyer Chair; Director, Project on Prosperity and Development
  • Donatienne Ruy, Director, Executive Education and Abshire-Inamori Leadership Academy, and Fellow, Europe, Russia, and Eurasia Program
  • Sujai Shivakumar, Director and Senior Fellow, Renewing American Innovation
  • Suzanne Spaulding, Director, Defending Democratic Institutions, and Senior Adviser, Homeland Security, Defense and Security Department
  • Michelle Strucke, Director, Humanitarian Agenda and Human Rights Initiative
  • Noam Unger, Director, Sustainable Development and Resilience Initiative and Senior Fellow, Project on Prosperity and Development
  • Caitlin Welsh, Director, Global Food and Water Security Program
  • Heather Williams, Director, Project on Nuclear Issues and Senior Fellow, Defense and Security Department

Past

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Leadership and staff

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Henry Kissinger leads a 2011 discussion on China at CSIS.

The chairman of the board of trustees is Thomas Pritzker, who is also chairman and chief executive officer of The Pritzker Organization.[53] He is also executive chairman of Hyatt Hotels Corporation and serves on the board of directors of Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.[54] Former U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense John J. Hamre has been the president and chief executive officer of CSIS since April 2000.[55]

The board of trustees has included former senior government officials, including Henry Kissinger, Zbigniew Brzezinski, William Cohen, George Argyros, and Brent Scowcroft.[56]

The board also includes major U.S. corporate business leaders as well as prominent figures in the fields of finance, oil & gas, private equity, real estate, academia and media.

CSIS' 220 full-time staff[12] and its large network of affiliated scholars conduct to develop policy proposals and initiatives that address current issues in international relations. In 2012, CSIS had a staff of 63 program staffers, 73 scholars and 80 interns. The center also worked with 241 affiliate advisors and fellows as well as 202 advisory board members and senior counselors.[9]

CSIS has broadened its reach into public policy analysis under the leadership of Hamre and Nunn. The Department of Defense, as part of the 2012 National Defense Authorization Act, commissioned CSIS to conduct an independent assessment of U.S. interests in the Asia-Pacific Region.[57] Also, in May 2009, President Barack Obama thanked the CSIS bipartisan Commission on Cybersecurity for its help in developing the Obama administration's policies on cyber warfare.[58] The center has also been highly influential in the creation of the White House's foreign policy. "For the last four years, every Friday afternoon, I've asked my staff to prepare me a reading binder for the weekend," said National Security Advisor Tom Donilon "The task is to go out and try to find the most interesting things that they can find with respect to national security issues [and] almost every week, there are products from CSIS."[59] Within the intelligence community, CSIS is known for having "some of the most insightful analysis and innovative ideas for strengthening our national security," according to CIA Director John Brennan.[60]

Assessments

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John Kempthorne wrote in Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting that CSIS was "heavily funded by the US government, arms dealers and oil companies, [and] is a consistently pro-war think tank".[61]

Board of trustees

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Source:[62]

CSIS leadership

National security

Public service


Business & non-profit


Academia

Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d e f "Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Guidestar. September 30, 2015.
  2. ^ "Center for Strategic and International Studies Inc." Exempt Organizations Select Check. Internal Revenue Service. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  3. ^ "John J. Hamre". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  4. ^ "Thomas J. Pritzker". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  5. ^ "Company Overview of Center for Strategic and International Studies, Inc". Bloomberg. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
  6. ^ "The Center for Strategic and International Studies". Charitynavigator.org. March 1, 2018. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
  7. ^ a b "About Us - Center for Strategic and International Studies". csis.org.
  8. ^ "Think Tank Employees". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
  9. ^ a b c "CSIS Annual Report 2012" (PDF). Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 31, 2013. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
  10. ^ "Global Security Forum". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
  11. ^ "The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS): About Us". Retrieved January 10, 2022.
  12. ^ a b "The Center for Strategic and International Studies". charitynavigator.org. March 1, 2018. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
  13. ^ Smith 1993, p. 17.
  14. ^ Abshire, David (2018). The Statesman: Reflections on a Life Guided by Civility, Strategic Leadership, and the Lessons of History (p. 64). Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781538109229. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
  15. ^ Abshire & Allen 1963.
  16. ^ Smith 1993, p. 23–26.
  17. ^ "Henry Kissinger Biography". biography.com. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
  18. ^ "Kissinger agrees to instruct undergrads at Georgetown". Columbia Spectator. June 9, 1977. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
  19. ^ "A Harvard-Henry Kissinger Détente?". Harvard Magazine. March 28, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  20. ^ Smith 1993, p. 96–97.
  21. ^ Smith 1993, p. 98–102.
  22. ^ Kutler, Stanley I., ed. (2003). "Think Tanks". Dictionary of American History. Vol. 8 (3rd ed.). Charles Scribner's Sons.
  23. ^ a b c Jordan, Mary. "GU Severs Ties With Think Tank: Center's Academics, Conservatism Cited". The Washington Post. 18 October 1986. p. B1.
  24. ^ "Center for Strategic and International Studies Inc". Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs. Government of the District of Columbia. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  25. ^ Smith 1993, p. 97.
  26. ^ Smith 1993, p. 180–181.
  27. ^ Smith 1993, p. 183.
  28. ^ "A look at CSIS's new $100 million building". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  29. ^ a b Lipton, Eric; Williams, Brooke (August 7, 2016). "How Think Tanks Amplify Corporate America's Influence". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  30. ^ "CSIS to Break Ground for New Headquarters at 1616 Rhode Island Ave | Center for Strategic and International Studies". www.csis.org. May 10, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  31. ^ Bennett, Amanda (October 5, 2015). "Are think tanks obsolete?". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
  32. ^ Rofe, Jean (July 1, 2024). "Американская и германская НПО признаны "нежелательными" в РФ" [American and German NGOs recognized as "undesirable" in the Russian Federation]. Deutsche Welle (in Russian). Archived from the original on July 3, 2024. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  33. ^ "Financial Information". CSIS. Archived from the original on October 30, 2014. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  34. ^ Lipton, Eric; Williams, Brooke; Confessore, Nicholas (September 6, 2014). "Foreign Powers Buy Influence at Think Tanks". The New York Times. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
  35. ^ "Corporation and Trade Association Donors". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
  36. ^ LYDIA DENNETT (September 12, 2018). "Foreign Influence at the Witness Table?". Project On Government Oversight. Archived from the original on September 16, 2018.
  37. ^ "Defense-Industrial Initiatives Group - Center for Strategic and International Studies". csis.org.
  38. ^ "Center for Strategic and International Studies". www.smartglobalhealth.org.
  39. ^ "John Bolton says what he finally thinks about Trump's North Korea policy - Bolton slams Trump in his first public comments since leaving the White House". Vox. September 30, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
  40. ^ "John Bolton finally says what he really thinks about Trump's North Korea policy - Bolton slams Trump in his first public remarks since leaving the White House". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  41. ^ "Educational Programs at CSIS | Center for Strategic and International Studies". www.csis.org. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
  42. ^ Prudente, Gianna (October 23, 2017). "Maxwell partners with think tank to establish master's degree program tailored to working professionals". The Daily Orange. Syracuse, New York. Retrieved February 12, 2020.
  43. ^ Youngman, Jessica (December 22, 2022). "Partnership With DC-Based Think Tank Brings Unique Opportunities for Maxwell Students". Syracuse University News. Retrieved September 2, 2023.
  44. ^ a b "Project on Nuclear Issues | Center for Strategic and International Studies". www.csis.org.
  45. ^ "Digital Library for Nuclear Issues".
  46. ^ "Washington Quarterly". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on October 1, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2013.
  47. ^ Luttwak, Edward N. (August 24, 2013). "In Syria, America Loses if Either Side Wins". The New York Times. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  48. ^ "Obama Cancels Asia Trip, Leaving More Space for China". The Wall Street Journal. October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  49. ^ McGregor, Richard (August 30, 2013). "UK Vote on Syria Leaves Obama All But Alone on Military Action". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  50. ^ "CSIS in the Huffington Post". Huffington Post. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  51. ^ "New Report Finds Islamic Terrorism in Europe Has Increased by 725 Per Cent". Retrieved September 15, 2019.
  52. ^ "Center for Strategic & International Studies - YouTube". www.youtube.com.
  53. ^ "Thomas J. Pritzker J.D". Bloomberg. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
  54. ^ CSIS website
  55. ^ "John J. Hamre". Bloomberg. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
  56. ^ "Board of Trustees". CSIS.org. Retrieved September 11, 2018.
  57. ^ "Statement of Senators Levin, McCain and Webb on CSIS Report". Office of Senator Carl Levin. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  58. ^ "Remarks By The President On Securing Our Nation's Cyber Infrastructure". whitehouse.gov. May 29, 2009. Retrieved October 3, 2013 – via National Archives.
  59. ^ "Obama's Asia Strategy: U.S. NSA Donilon Statement CSIS". Guam Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved October 3, 2013.
  60. ^ "ORemarks by John O. Brennan". whitehouse.gov. August 6, 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2013 – via National Archives.
  61. ^ Kempthorne, John (December 2, 2022). "NYT, WSJ Look to Hawks for Ukraine Expertise". FAIR. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  62. ^ "Board of Trustees". Center for Strategic and International Studies. Archived from the original on December 28, 2012. Retrieved October 1, 2013.

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