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Line 1 (Beijing Subway)

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Line 1
Tiananmen East station platform
Overview
Other name(s)M1 (planned name)
Fuba line (Chinese: 复八线, for Fuxingmen to Sihuidong section)
StatusOperational
LocaleChaoyang, Dongcheng, Xicheng, Haidian, and Shijingshan districts
Beijing
Termini
Stations23 (not accounting for Batong Line, but including Gaobeidian)
Service
TypeRapid transit
SystemBeijing Subway
Operator(s)Beijing Mass Transit Railway Operation Corp., Ltd.
Depot(s)Guchenglu, Sihui Depots[1][2]
Rolling stock6-car Type B (DKZ4, SFM04)
Daily ridership1,234,900 (2014 Avg.)[3]
1,536,900 (2014 Peak)[4][5]
History
OpenedJanuary 15, 1971; 53 years ago (1971-01-15)
Technical
Line length31.04 km (19.29 mi)[6]
CharacterUnderground, at-grade[a]
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
Operating speed80 km/h (maximum service speed)
Route map

Legend
connects Fengsha railway to Sanjiadian
101 Gaojing
no regular train services above
 102 Fushouling (under renovation, to be reopened 2025)
Yongding River diversion canal
Line S1
Left arrow Shichang
Line 6
Left arrow Jin'anqiao – Lucheng Right arrow
 103 Pingguoyuan (closed for renovation)
connects Jingmen railway
Gucheng depot
104 Gucheng
101 railway (for military purpose only)
105 Bajiao Amusement Park
106 Babaoshan
107 Yuquan Lu
108 Wukesong
109 Wanshou Lu
110 Gongzhufen
Line 10
Left arrow outer – inner Right arrow
 111 Military Museum
Line 9
Left arrow Guogongzhuang – National Library Right arrow
Yongding River diversion canal
 112 Muxidi
Line 16 (out-of-system interchange)
Left arrow Wanpingcheng – Bei'anhe Right arrow
 113 Nanlishi Lu
connects Line 2
 114 Fuxingmen
Line 2
Left arrow outer – inner Right arrow
Line 19 crossing
Line 4
 115 Xidan
Left arrow Tiangongyuan – Anheqiaobei Right arrow
 116 Tian'anmenxi
117 Tian'anmendong
118 Wangfujing
Line 8
Left arrow Yinghai – Zhuxinzhuang Right arrow
connects Line 5
Line 5
 119 Dongdan
Left arrow Songjiazhuang – Tiantongyuanbei Right arrow
 120 Jianguomen
Line 2
Left arrow inner – outer Right arrow
connects Line 2
 121 Yong'anli
Line 17 (to be opened 2024)
Left arrow Jiahuihu – Future Science City North Right arrow
 122 Guomao
Line 10
Left arrow inner – outer Right arrow
 123 Dawang Lu
Line 14
Left arrow Beijing South railway station – Shangezhuang Right arrow
124 Sihui
Batong line (through operation to Line 1)
connects Batong line (through operation to Line 1) (for depot trains only)
Sihui depot
Through operation
with Batong line (through operation to Line 1)
 125 Sihuidong
Batong line (through operation to Line 1)
Shuangsha railway
Universal Resort Down arrow

Line 1 of the Beijing Subway (Chinese: 北京地铁1号线; pinyin: Běijīng dìtiě yīhào xiàn) is the oldest and one of the busiest lines of Beijing's mass transit rail network. Line 1 runs underneath Chang'an Avenue, the city's grand east–west thoroughfare, right through the heart of Beijing with stops on either side of Tiananmen Square. Line 1's color is dark red. Through operation with the Batong line started on August 29, 2021.[7]

Ridership

[edit]

As the oldest line of the Beijing Subway, Line 1 was also the most heavily used from the time the subway opened in 1971 until January 2013, when the near-completion of the Line 10 loop caused ridership on that line to surge past Line 1. Daily ridership averaged 1,234,900 in 2014.[8] Peak ridership in 2014 was 1,536,900.[9][10]

Recent traffic relief efforts have been completed in recent years. The opening of the first phase of the parallel Line 6, caused an 8.46% decrease in daily demand and a 10-20% reduction in peak flow during rush hour.[11] In addition Beijing BRT line 2 parallels the eastern section of Line 1. In the meantime between 2014 and 2015, Line 1 again upgraded its signals to a communications-based train control system allowing trains to run at headways as low as 1 minutes 45 seconds. However, during peak hours, sections of the line were reported in 2013 to still operate above 100% capacity.[11]

Hours of operation

[edit]

The first east-bound trains departs from Gucheng at 4:58 am and Pingguoyuan at 5:10 am. The first west-bound train departs Sihui at 4:56 am and Sihui East at 5:05 am. The last east-bound train leaves Pingguoyuan at 10:55 pm. The last west-bound train leaves Sihui East at 11:15 pm.[12]

Route

[edit]

Line 1's western terminus is Pingguoyuan, located in Shijingshan District. The line heads southeast to its second stop at Gucheng and from there runs straight east, following Chang'an Avenue all the way to its eastern terminus, Sihuidong in Chaoyang District, just beyond the 4th Ring Road. The line passes through Xidan, Wangfujing and Dongdan, among other important commercial centers of Xicheng and Dongcheng Districts, as well as the Beijing CBD near the China World Trade Center. The line is 31.04 km (19.29 mi)[6] in length with 23 stations in operation. All stations except for Sihui and Sihuidong are underground.

Stations

[edit]

Station list for Line 1 and Batong line of Beijing Subway, after the through operation started on August 29, 2021.[7]

● Normal: Gucheng — Huanqiu Dujiaqu (Universal Resort)
● Morning rush hour: Gongzhufen — Guoyuan
● Evening rush hour: Gucheng — Guoyuan

Line Name Service
routes 		Station Name Connections Nearby Bus Stops Distance
km[13] 		Location
English Chinese
Line 1 Fushouling
(Opening date to be determined) 		福寿岭 Shijingshan
Pingguoyuan
(Under renovation, re-opening date to be determined) 		苹果园  6   S1  325 336 358 370 396 399 472 527 597 664 876 892 920 929 931 932 941快 948 961 972 977 977快 981 快速直达专线142 快速直达专线150 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M11 M16 M20 M22 0.000 0.000
● ● Gucheng 古城 318 327 337 399 597 941 958 959 992 快速直达专线208 快速直达专线213 快速直达专线222 夜5 专61 专210 专218 2.606 2.606
● ● Bajiao Amusement Park 八角游乐园 325 337 373 436 472 527 574 597 598 663 914 941 959 965 992 夜5 专46 专86 专91 专111 专215 1.921 4.527
● ● Babaoshan 八宝山 1 76 337 373 527 546 574 597 610 914 941 951 961 979 快速直达专线187 夜1 专69 专109 专111 专150 专215 1.953 6.480
● ● Yuquan Lu 玉泉路 1 76 78 337 338 354 370 373 389 436 452 463 472 473 481 507 610 612 644 941 941快 979 夜1 专11 1.479 7.959
● ● Wukesong 五棵松 1 64 76 97 337 370 400 400快 436 568 624 952 967 982 983 夜1 专127 1.810 9.769 Haidian
● ● Wanshou Lu 万寿路 1 32 33 64 68 76 77 89 308 335 337 370 624 627 夜1 夜5 夜16 1.778 11.547
● ● ● Gongzhufen 公主坟  10  1 32 33 40 52 62 64 68 74 76 77 89 94 134 300 300快 308 323 335 337 368 370 374 394 437 603 624 631快 698 977 977快 夜1 夜5 夜30 1.313 12.860
● ● ● Military Museum 军事博物馆  9  1 21 40 52 65 68 78 85 94 308 414 夜1 夜5 夜8 1.172 14.032
● ● ● Muxidi 木樨地  16  (out-of-system interchange) 1 21 32 52 65 68 78 85 94 114 308 320 夜1 夜8 1.166 15.198 Xicheng
● ● ● Nanlishi Lu 南礼士路 1 3 10 15 19 42 46 49 52 56 夜1 夜8 夜12 1.291 16.489
● ● ● Fuxingmen 复兴门  2 
 19  (Out-of-system interchange via Taipingqiao)[14] 		1 10 15 44 49 52 200 332 387 395 423 691 快速直达专线17 快速直达专线201 夜1 夜20 专191 0.424 16.913
● ● ● Xidan 西单  4  1 7 15 22 52 83 88 102 105 109 143 快速直达专线17 夜1 夜4 夜10 1.590 18.503
● ● ● Tian'anmenxi 天安门西 1 5 52 观光1 观光2 夜1 1.217 19.720
● ● ● Tian'anmendong 天安门东 1 2 52 82 120 观光1 观光2 夜1 夜2 夜17 0.925 20.645 Dongcheng
● ● ● Wangfujing 王府井  8  1 41 52 103 120 141 观光2 夜1 夜17 夜18 夜21 0.852 21.497
● ● ● Dongdan 东单  5  1 39 41 52 104 106 108 110 111 116 120 128 140 684 夜1 夜10 夜17 0.774 22.271
● ● ● Jianguomen 建国门  2  1 20 39 43 44 52 58 120 122 126 139 140 142 200 403 637 638 639 夜1 夜10 夜19 夜20 夜24 夜28 夜29 1.230 23.501
● ● ● Yong'anli 永安里 1 9 28 43 58 120 126 140 403 639 668 夜1 夜24 1.377 24.878 Chaoyang
● ● ● Guomao 国贸  10  1 9 11 28 57 58 72 98 113 348 368 382 388 402 405 488 561 650 666 667 668 669 687 804 805快 806 807 809 814 817 818 818快 848 930 938快 快速直达专线5 快速直达专线9 快速直达专线20 快速直达专线61 快速直达专线69 快速直达专线169 夜1 夜27 夜30 专10 0.790 25.668
● ● ● Dawang Lu 大望路  14  1 11 31 54 57 58 138 382 388 405 486 605 666 667 668 804 812 815 815快 817 818 818快 823 930 973 985 988 快速直达专线5 快速直达专线20 快速直达专线61 夜1 夜25 夜27 夜34 专141 专165 1.385 27.053
● ● ● Sihui 四惠 1 57 58 322 363 397 405 455 468 475 496 506 517 553 605 657 666 671 865 988 989 夜1 夜27 专113 专167 1.673 28.726
● ● ● Sihuidong 四惠东 363 397 468 475 506 517 553 666 夜27 专141 1.714 30.440
Batong line ● ● ● Gaobeidian 高碑店 363 397 475 506 517 666 夜27 专141 1.375 31.815
● ● ● Communication Univ of China 传媒大学 397 475 506 666 夜27 专36 专156 2.002 33.817
● ● ● Shuangqiao 双桥 382 397 411 451 475 506 666 夜27 1.894 35.711
● ● ● Guaanzhuang 管庄 364 388 442 532 615 666 690 BRT2(快速公交2) 夜27 专39 专211 1.912 37.623
● ● ● Baliqiao 八里桥 322 615 666 668 807 夜27 1.763 39.386
● ● ● Tongzhou Beiyuan 通州北苑 316 317 322 372 591 615 666 667 804 805 806 809 810 811 861 924 938 快速直达专线1 快速直达专线147 快速直达专线174 快速直达专线196 T1 T2 T3 T4 T10 T11 T12 T13 T19 T22 T41 T43 T51 T60 T87 T90 T103 T118 夜27 专157 1.700 41.086 Tongzhou
● ● ● Guoyuan 果园 312 316 317 552 591 668 805 938 快速直达专线1 快速直达专线147 快速直达专线166 快速直达专线195 T10 T11 T12 T19 T26 T36 T41 T44 T68 T68区 T87 T103 T118 夜29 1.465 42.551
● Jiukeshu 九棵树 372 582 587 668 805 810 938 快速直达专线1 T5 T7 T9 T10 T13 T14 T17 T21 T22 T25 T26 T40 T41 T43 T44 T45 T62 T64 T65 T68 T71 T72 T73 T87 T90 T101 T102 T103 T113 T117 0.990 43.541
● Liyuan 梨园 342 372 587 589 668 805 806 810 913 938 快速直达专线1 快速直达专线166 T5 T7 T9 T10 T13 T14 T17 T18 T21 T22 T26 T34 T40 T41 T43 T50 T53 T62 T64 T65 T68 T72 T73 T90 T101 T102 T103 T109 1.225 44.766
● Linheli 临河里 435 587 589 591 806 810 924 938 快速直达专线166 T4 T5 T9 T13 T14 T17 T21 T22 T26 T34 T38 T40 T41 T43 T50 T53 T62 T64 T68 T72 T73 T90 T101 T102 T107 T116 T118 专173 专203 1.257 46.023
● Tuqiao 土桥 435 591 805 806 807 810 910 924 938 快速直达专线166 快速直达专线167 快速直达专线195 T5 T6 T9 T13 T14 T17 T21 T22 T26 T34 T38 T40 T41 T43 T50 T64 T72 T73 T90 T101 T103 T105 T107 T112 T115 T116 T118 0.776 46.799
● Huazhuang 花庄  7  589 806 T14 T34 T40 T43 T53 T68 T72 T73 T90 T101 T102 T116 2.238 49.037
● Universal Resort 环球度假区  7  589 T116 1.863 50.900

History

[edit]
Yuquan Lu station, Opened on August 5, 1971. The first phase of the Beijing subway project groundbreaking ceremony was held west of Yuquanlu Road.

The first section of subway in Beijing officially started trial operation on January 15, 1971. It was 10.7 km (6.6 mi) long and ran between Beijing railway station to Gongzhufen,[b] which today is a section of Line 1 and 2.[15] A few months later, on August 15, 1971, the line was extended 3 stations west, to Yuquan Lu. The line was extended again to Gucheng in November. On April 23, 1973, the line was extended Pingguoyuan, at this point the line is 23.6 km (14.7 mi) long with 17 stations.[15] On September 15, 1981, the line was again extended westward to Fushouling creating a 27.6 km (17.1 mi) long line with 19 stations. The line was transferred to the newly created Beijing Mass Transit Operation Corporation and was officially opened to the public, ending the decade long trial operation period. By 1981, the annual passenger volume of Beijing Subway was 64.66 million passengers, with a daily average of 177,000 passenger trips.[16]

On August 15, 1986, the second phase of subway construction started and a feasibility study on the construction of the new line between of Fuxingmen to Bawangfen (Today's Beijing CBD) was carried out. A new branch heading east to a new station, Fuxingmen, was completed between Nanlishi Lu and Changchun Jie stations on December 28, 1987. The section between Changchun Jie and Beijing railway station was transferred to the newly created Line 2 and Line 1 ran between Pingguoyuan and Fuxingmen stations. In January 1991, the feasibility study report on the construction of a new line between Fuxingmen to Bawangfen was approved with construction of the new "Fuba line", starting in June 1992. On December 12, 1992, Line 1 was extended east for one station to Xidan. In 1994, Line 1's signals were upgraded to automatic train protection system.[17] On September 28, 1999, the first section of the Fuba line between Tian'anmenxi to Sihuidong was opened. On June 28, 2000, the section between Xidan and Tian'anmenxi stations opened, merging Line 1 and the Fuba Line to create a 31 km (19 mi) line with 23 stations.[17]

Segment Commencement Length Station(s) Name
Gongzhufen — Beijing Railway Station 1 October 1969[c] 10.7 km (6.65 mi) 10 Phase 1 (initial section)
Yuquan Lu — Gongzhufen 5 August 1971 4.9 km (3.04 mi) 3 Yuquan Lu extension
Gucheng — Yuquan Lu 7 November 1971 5.4 km (3.36 mi) 3 Gucheng extension
Pingguoyuan — Gucheng 23 April 1973 2.6 km (1.62 mi) 1 Pingguoyuan extension
Nanlishilu — Fuxingmen 28 December 1987 0.4 km (0.25 mi) 1 Line 1 & 2 realignment project
Changchun Jie — Beijing Railway Station −6.1 km (−3.79 mi) -6
Fuxingmen — Xidan 12 December 1992 1.6 km (0.99 mi) 1 Xidan extension
Tian'anmenxi — Sihuidong 28 September 1999 10.1 km (6.28 mi) 10 Fuba line
Xidan — Tian'anmenxi 28 June 2000 1.3 km (0.81 mi) 2 Line 1 & Fuba line merging project
Line 1 train at Wangfujing in 2007.
In 1992, Line 1 was extended east one station to Xidan.
Platform of Tian'anmen East station

Headway Reduction

[edit]

Since 2014, the signaling and power systems has been gradually upgraded to allow for trains to run more frequently.[18] The upgraded CBTC moving block signaling system in place today reduces rush hour headways from every 2 minutes and 5 seconds to 1 minute 45 seconds.[19]

Platform screen doors

[edit]
In 2017, platform screen doors were installed on the platform of Line 1.

Due to platform congestion and suicides, a proposal was made in 2010 to refit all stations on Line 1 with platform screen doors.[20] However, the ventilation system in the older stations of Line 1 was incompatible with full-height platform screen doors, so half height platform screen doors were chosen instead.[21] In July 2016, the operator began installing platform screen doors on Line 1.[22] In 2016, the platform screen doors was installed at Yong'anli station.[23] By the end of 2017, all stations except Pingguoyuan were retrofitted with half-height platform screen doors, and all the screen doors were put into operation for the first time.[24]

Through operations with the Batong line

[edit]
Route display reserved for through service from Pingguo Yuan to Universal Resort

In 2010, a CPPCC member Chen Dingwang, proposed that services on Line 1 and the Batong line should directly link, with through operations, reducing travel times and removing the unnecessary forced transfers at Sihuidong or Sihui.[25] However, the Beijing Subway responded that Line 1's and Batong's signal systems are completely different, so through-operation will be more difficult to achieve, from an engineering standpoint. As of 2016, preliminary design and feasibility studies are underway to allow for through operations between Line 1 and Batong.[26] On June 12, 2020, the project of the through operation of Line 1 and Batong line was approved by Beijing Development and Reform Commission.[27] Through operation with the Batong line started on 29 August 2021.[7]

Other facilities

[edit]

Rolling stock for Line 1 is parked and maintained at Gucheng Depot and Sihui Carpark.

Restricted stations

[edit]
Main article: Beijing Subway restricted stations

Beyond Pingguoyuan, Line 1 extends further northwest where it has several other stations: Gaojing (高井) and Fushouling (福寿岭). Gaojing station is in the military region. Fushouling station is actually outside the military region. These stations are not open for public use.

Fushouling station's opening date is yet to be determined.[28][29]

A proposal to open the Gaojing station to public is mentioned within 2022 and 2023 working plan of the Shijingshan District.[28][30]

Future Development

[edit]

Increasing capacity

[edit]
The platforms of some Line 1 stations are longer than the trains used on the line.

Due to Line 1's severe overcapacity problem, there are plans to introduce 7-car or longer trains. In order for this plan to proceed the oldest section of Line 1 between Pingguoyuan and Nanlishi Lu, which only has platforms long enough to accommodate 6-car trains, will need to be lengthened. The newer section between Fuxingmen and Sihuidong, formerly known as "Fuba line" during construction, has platforms long enough for 8-car trains.[31][32] According to an interview to the director of Beijing Municipal Transport Commission in December 2022, they will introduce 7-car trains in the eastern section of Line 1 and the Batong line in future.[33]

Branch to Qinglonghudong

[edit]

On 8 July 2022, an EIA document regarding Phase III construction of Beijing rail transport system (2022–2027) mentions a proposal about the branch line of Line 1. The branch line is a southwest-to-northeast line starts from Qinglonghudong (located at the east side of Qinglong Lake, in Wangzuo, Fengtai District) to Bajiao Amusement Park in Shijingshan District. It will be 19.9 km (12.4 mi) in length with 9 new stations.[34] Construction on the Line 1 branch began on January 19, 2024.[35]

To facilitate construction of the extension, the project will need to renovate and expand Bajiao Amusement Park Station.[36] According to the second announcement of the environmental impact assessment of the Line 1 branch line project released in October 2023, this station will be a new platform for the branch line of Line 1, and the new platform will be combined with the existing Line 1 platform to form a separate island platform, so that the station will become a double-island four-line station, which is extremely rare in China.[37] In March 2024, the China Railway Tunnel Engineering Bureau announced the installation and construction of Shijingshan Stadium South Road in Beijing, announcing that in order to implement the construction of the branch line of Line 1, Bajiao Amusement Park Station is planned to be closed from July 2024 to June 2027, and Gucheng and Pingguoyuan Stations west of the station will be closed until February 2025, and this plan is waiting for the approval of the Beijing Municipal People's Government, which also means that Fushouling Station will not open until February 2025.

Station name[38] Connections Location
English Chinese
Bajiao Amusement Park 八角游乐园  1  (Main line) Shijingshan
Tiyuchang Nanjie 体育场南街
Garden Expo Park West Gate 园博园西门 Fengtai
Zhangguozhuang 张郭庄  14 
Xi'erqu 西二区
Houlücun Railway Station 后吕村
Yungang 云岗
Wangzuo 王佐
Minzu Univ. 民族大学
Qinglonghudong 青龙湖东

Rolling Stock

[edit]
Main article: Beijing Subway rolling stock

Current

[edit]
Model Image Manufacturer Year Built Year Refurbished Amount in Service Fleet Numbers Depot
DKZ4G [zh] CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles
Beijing Subway Rolling Stock Equipment 		1998–2001 2007
2010-2012
2015-2016
2020-2021 		31 S401–S431
(01 001–01 031) 		Sihui [zh] (except two in Gucheng [zh])
SFM04/04A [zh] CRRC Qingdao Sifang
Beijing Subway Rolling Stock Equipment 		2006–2011 2021 39 G432–G470
(01 032–01 070) 		Gucheng
SFM01/02/07 [zh] 2003–2005 2008
2015-2020
2021 		108 TQ401–TQ408, TQ415–TQ424
(01 071–01 078, 01 085–01 094) 		Tuqiao [zh]
BDK06 [zh] Beijing Subway Rolling Stock Equipment 2018–2021 72 TQ431–TQ437 (01 101–01 107), 01 108–01 112 Tuqiao, Sihui


Former

[edit]

All were based at Gucheng depot.

Model Image Manufacturer Year Built Years in service Number Made Fleet Numbers (Before 1996) Fleet Numbers (After 1996) Notes
DK1 [zh] CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles 1967 — 2 001–002 — Never ran in service due to exceeding the subway's loading gauge.
DK2 [zh] 1969–1970 1969–1985 80 201–219 — 76 cars were refurbished into DK11.
DK3/3G [zh] 1971–1973 1971-2002 50 Un­known G101–G107 Transferred to line 13 and Batong line.
DK8 [zh] 1982 Un­known 52 401–413 — Transferred to line 2.
DK11 [zh] 1984–1985 1984–2008 76 601–619 G201–G207, G2082–G2085, G209–G213
DK20/20G [zh] 1994–1995 1994–2012 42 443–449 G108–G114 Originally retired in 2008, reactivated due to DKZ4 trains being overhauled.
BD1 [zh] Beijing Subway Rolling Stock Equipment 1990–1992 1990–1994 18 3083–3084, 309–311 — Transferred to line 2.
BD2/2G [zh] 1994–1998 1995–2012 72 450–454 (first batch only) G115–G126 Originally retired in 2008, reactivated due to DKZ4 trains being overhauled.
BD3 [zh] 1995 1996–2001 2 — G2081, G2086 Linked with DK3 cars G2082–G2085.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The section from Sihui to Sihui East is at-grade.
  2. ^ In 1970s, Gongzhufen was called Lixin (立新)
  3. ^ 15 January 1971 - Initial line began operation on a trial basis.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Gao Yucai (高毓才) (1999). 建设中的北京地铁——地铁"复一八"线. Beijing: China Railways Press (中国铁道出版社). p. 13. ISBN 7-113-03381-4.
  2. ^ Pan Xiaojun (潘晓军) (2013). 北京地铁1号线运输能力挖掘研究. 交通运输系统工程与信息. 13 (4): 200–204.
  3. ^ 客流信息. Beijing Subway. Archived from the original on 2015-03-30. Retrieved 2015-03-20.
  4. ^ "Ridership". Sina. Retrieved 2012-05-03.[permanent dead link‍]
  5. ^ "Official Ridership". Beijing Subway. Archived from the original on 2012-05-02. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
  6. ^ a b "八通线与1号线贯通？年底见分晓". bjnews.com.cn. 2016-11-16.
  7. ^ a b c "四惠四惠东站无须换乘了！北京地铁1号线、八通线本周日跨线运营". Beijing Daily. 2021-08-25. Archived from the original on 2021-08-25. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
  8. ^ 客流信息. Beijing Subway. Archived from the original on 2015-03-30. Retrieved 2015-03-20.
  9. ^ "Ridership". Sina. Retrieved 2012-05-03.[permanent dead link‍]
  10. ^ "Official Ridership". Beijing Subway. Archived from the original on 2012-05-02. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
  11. ^ a b 我市轨道交通网络化运营效果凸显. Beijing Municipal Transportation Committee (北京市交通委员会). 2013-02-07. Archived from the original on 2014-01-09. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
  12. ^ [1] Archived October 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ "站间公里数 北京地铁官方网站".
  14. ^ "地铁开通"虚拟换乘"之后，乘客的地面换乘体验如何？记者进行实地探访". 2022-08-01. Archived from the original on 2022-08-02.
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