San Gabriel, California
San Gabriel, California | |
|---|---|
_(cropped).jpg) .jpg) | |
 Flag  Seal | |
| Motto: "City With A Mission" | |
 Location of San Gabriel in Los Angeles County, California | |
  San Gabriel Location of San Gabriel in Los Angeles County, California  San Gabriel Location of San Gabriel in California  San Gabriel Location of San Gabriel in the USA | |
| Coordinates: 34°6′10.14″N 118°5′58.89″W / 34.1028167°N 118.0996917°W | |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| County | Los Angeles |
| Incorporated | April 24, 1913[1] |
| Named for | Archangel Gabriel |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | John Wu |
| • Vice Mayor | Denise Menchaca |
| • City Council | Eric Chan Tony Ding John R. Harrington |
| • City Manager | Mark Lazzaretto[2] |
| Area | |
• Total | 4.15 sq mi (10.74 km2) |
| • Land | 4.14 sq mi (10.73 km2) |
| • Water | 0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2) 0.02% |
| Elevation | 420 ft (128 m) |
| Population | |
• Total | 39,568 |
| • Density | 9,626.8/sq mi (3,716.92/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (Pacific Time Zone) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| ZIP codes | 91775, 91776, 91778[7] |
| Area code | 626[8] |
| FIPS code | 06-67042 |
| GNIS feature IDs | 1656614, 2411787 |
| Website | www |
San Gabriel (Spanish for "St. Gabriel") is a city located in the San Gabriel Valley of Los Angeles County, California. At the 2010 census, the population was 39,718.
San Gabriel was founded by the Spanish in 1771, when Mission San Gabriel Arcángel was established by Saint Junípero Serra. Through the Spanish and Mexican periods, San Gabriel played an important role in the development of Los Angeles and Californio society. Owing to the prominence of Mission San Gabriel in the region's history, it is often called the "birthplace of the Los Angeles region".[9]
History
[edit]
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Tongva
[edit]Prior to the arrival of the Spanish to Alta California, the area that is San Gabriel were inhabited by the Tongva, whom the Spanish called the Gabrieleño. The Tongva village of Shevaanga was located at the original site of Mission San Gabriel, before being moved to the site of another village, Toviscanga, in 1776 after being destroyed by a flood. These villages were part of an extensive trade network and were interconnected by a series of trails.[10][11]
Spanish period
[edit]Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, founded by Father Junípero Serra in 1771, is the fourth of twenty-one California Missions, and is known as the "Pride of the California Missions."[12] Dissidence and rebellions against the mission by the Tongva, who were forced to labor at the mission, were common.[13] After the Spanish missionaries banned converts to Christianity from dancing and participating in ceremony, a major rebellion of eight villages was staged against the mission in 1785 led by Toypurina and Nicolás Josè.[14]
Mexican period
[edit]The Mission San Gabriel Arcángel served a pivotal role in the Californio society, with many of the area's first Mexican settlers being baptized at the mission, including future governor Pio Pico, who was born in 1801 at the mission and baptized there the same year. He was appointed as California's governor twice, serving briefly in 1832 and again from 1845 through the Mexican–American War. Later in life, he was elected as a Los Angeles City councilman.[15] The city of Pico Rivera was named to honor him as the last governor of California to be born in Mexico.[16]
American period
[edit]In 1853, a company of Army Engineers, which included the geologist William P. Blake, passed by the mission in search of the best route for an intercontinental railroad. Blake observed that the once great vineyards had fallen into wild disarray. Fences were in disrepair and animals roamed freely through the property. But the mission bells were ringing and the church was still in use. Blake predicted, "I believe that when the adaptation of that portion of California to the culture of the grape and the manufacture of wine becomes known and appreciated, the state will become celebrated not only for its gold and grain, but (also) for its fruits and wines."[17]
In the first United States census made in California in 1860, 586 people lived in the San Gabriel township, an area encompassing the mission lands and several adjacent ranchos stretching north to what is now Pasadena. By 1870, the population had shrunk to 436.[18][19]
San Gabriel incorporated as a city April 24, 1913, with a population of 1,500.[17]
Geography
[edit]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.1 square miles (11 km2), virtually all of it land.
The city is located in the San Gabriel Valley and is bordered on the north by San Marino, on the east by Temple City and Rosemead, to the south by Rosemead and to the west by Alhambra.
Parks
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The Parks and Recreation Department offers an after school sports program and a summer playground program for San Gabriel youth. Along with these programs, the department provides a variety of trips and special events throughout the year for youth of all ages.
Parks include:
- Adult Recreation Center and Senior Center, 324 South Mission Drive
- Bovard-Wilson-Hayes House and Jail
- Grapevine Park and Arbor, 324 South Mission Drive
- Smith Park and Pool, 232 West Broadway,
- Vincent Lugo Park, Corner of Wells and Ramona Streets
Climate
[edit]According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, San Gabriel has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps. Summers are hot and very dry, and winters are mild.
| Climate data for San Gabriel, California, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1939–2015 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 94 (34) |
94 (34) |
101 (38) |
106 (41) |
106 (41) |
111 (44) |
108 (42) |
112 (44) |
112 (44) |
108 (42) |
101 (38) |
96 (36) |
112 (44) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 84.8 (29.3) |
85.6 (29.8) |
87.4 (30.8) |
93.2 (34.0) |
92.5 (33.6) |
95.2 (35.1) |
98.7 (37.1) |
100.7 (38.2) |
102.5 (39.2) |
98.0 (36.7) |
90.1 (32.3) |
82.9 (28.3) |
106.2 (41.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 68.6 (20.3) |
68.2 (20.1) |
70.9 (21.6) |
73.8 (23.2) |
75.6 (24.2) |
80.8 (27.1) |
85.5 (29.7) |
87.6 (30.9) |
86.7 (30.4) |
80.7 (27.1) |
74.0 (23.3) |
67.8 (19.9) |
76.7 (24.8) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 57.4 (14.1) |
57.7 (14.3) |
60.7 (15.9) |
63.2 (17.3) |
66.6 (19.2) |
71.2 (21.8) |
75.4 (24.1) |
76.6 (24.8) |
75.1 (23.9) |
69.0 (20.6) |
62.3 (16.8) |
56.6 (13.7) |
66.0 (18.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 46.1 (7.8) |
47.1 (8.4) |
50.5 (10.3) |
52.7 (11.5) |
57.6 (14.2) |
61.5 (16.4) |
65.2 (18.4) |
65.5 (18.6) |
63.6 (17.6) |
57.4 (14.1) |
50.6 (10.3) |
45.3 (7.4) |
55.3 (12.9) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 33.9 (1.1) |
35.7 (2.1) |
38.5 (3.6) |
41.8 (5.4) |
48.1 (8.9) |
52.8 (11.6) |
57.1 (13.9) |
56.1 (13.4) |
54.2 (12.3) |
47.0 (8.3) |
38.6 (3.7) |
33.3 (0.7) |
31.8 (−0.1) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 22 (−6) |
25 (−4) |
31 (−1) |
34 (1) |
38 (3) |
43 (6) |
46 (8) |
47 (8) |
42 (6) |
33 (1) |
30 (−1) |
24 (−4) |
22 (−6) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.56 (90) |
4.22 (107) |
2.53 (64) |
0.61 (15) |
0.48 (12) |
0.13 (3.3) |
0.04 (1.0) |
0.00 (0.00) |
0.13 (3.3) |
0.61 (15) |
0.92 (23) |
2.44 (62) |
15.67 (398) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 6.5 | 7.1 | 5.1 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 1.6 | 2.7 | 4.7 | 33.2 |
| Source 1: NOAA[20] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: National Weather Service (mean maxima/minima 1981–2010)[21] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
[edit]| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1900 | 737 | — | |
| 1920 | 2,640 | — | |
| 1930 | 7,224 | 173.6% | |
| 1940 | 11,867 | 64.3% | |
| 1950 | 20,343 | 71.4% | |
| 1960 | 22,561 | 10.9% | |
| 1970 | 29,336 | 30.0% | |
| 1980 | 30,072 | 2.5% | |
| 1990 | 37,120 | 23.4% | |
| 2000 | 39,804 | 7.2% | |
| 2010 | 39,718 | −0.2% | |
| 2020 | 39,568 | −0.4% | |
| 2023 (est.) | 37,732 | [22] | −4.6% |
| U.S. Decennial Census[23] | |||
2010
[edit]
The 2010 United States Census[24] reported that San Gabriel had a population of 39,718. The population density was 9,581.5 inhabitants per square mile (3,699.4/km2). The racial makeup of San Gabriel was 24,091 (60.7%) Asian, 10,076 (25.4%) White (11.4% Non-Hispanic White), 388 (1.0%) African American, 220 (0.6%) Native American, 43 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 3,762 (9.5%) from other races, and 1,138 (2.9%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10,189 persons (25.7%).
The Census reported that 39,266 people (98.9% of the population) lived in households, 34 (0.1%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 418 (1.1%) were institutionalized.
There were 12,542 households, out of which 4,542 (36.2%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 6,668 (53.2%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,961 (15.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 965 (7.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 481 (3.8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 76 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 2,121 households (16.9%) were made up of individuals, and 800 (6.4%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.13. There were 9,594 families (76.5% of all households); the average family size was 3.47.
The population was spread out, with 7,866 people (19.8%) under the age of 18, 3,555 people (9.0%) aged 18 to 24, 11,335 people (28.5%) aged 25 to 44, 11,388 people (28.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 5,574 people (14.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.6 males.
There were 13,237 housing units at an average density of 3,193.3 per square mile (1,232.9/km2), of which 6,168 (49.2%) were owner-occupied, and 6,374 (50.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.7%. 19,974 people (50.3% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 19,292 people (48.6%) lived in rental housing units.
2000
[edit]_(cropped).jpg)
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As of the census[25] of 2000, there were 39,804 people, 12,587 households, and 9,566 families residing in the city. The population density was 9,639.3 inhabitants per square mile (3,721.8/km2). There were 12,909 housing units at an average density of 3,126.2 per square mile (1,207.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 33.40% White, 1.06% African American, 0.83% Native American, 48.91% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 12.36% from other races, and 3.34% from two or more races. Those identifying as Hispanic or Latino (of any race) were 30.71% of the population. According to the Los Angeles Times, Chinese and Mexican were the most ancestries in 2000, with 52.6% of residents foreign born, Vietnam and China being the most common places of birth.[26]
There were 12,587 households, out of which 35.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.1% were married couples living together, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.0% were non-families. 18.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.10 and the average family size was 3.52.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 33.3% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $56,720, and the median income The per capita income for the city was $24,816. About 9.5% of families and 12.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.4% of those under age 18 and 9.5% of those age 65 or over.
These were the ten neighborhoods in Los Angeles County with the largest percentage of Asian residents, according to the 2000 census:[27]
- Chinatown, 70.6%
- Monterey Park, 61.1%
- Cerritos, 58.3%
- Walnut, 56.2%
- Rowland Heights, 51.7%
- San Gabriel, 48.9%
- Rosemead, 48.6%
- Alhambra, 47.2%
- San Marino, 46.8%
- Arcadia, 45.4%
Economy
[edit]Top employers
[edit].jpg)
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According to the city's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:[28]
| # | Employer | # of Employees |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | AHMC San Gabriel Valley Medical | 1062 |
| 2 | Landwin Hospitality LLC | 150 |
| 3 | Ivy Creek Healthcare & Wellness Centre | 147 |
| 4 | SGV Healthcare Inc. | 147 |
| 5 | 99 Ranch Market #208 | 143 |
| 6 | Royal Vista Care Center, LLC | 123 |
| 7 | San Gabriel Country Club | 120 |
| 8 | Pine Grove Healthcare & Wellness Centre | 116 |
| 9 | Five Star Seafood Restaurant | 105 |
| 10 | San Gabriel Superstore | 105 |
Government
[edit].jpg)
In the state legislature San Gabriel is located in the 21st Senate District, represented by Democrat Anthony Portantino, and in the 49th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Ed Chau.
In the United States House of Representatives, San Gabriel is in California's 28th congressional district, represented by Democrat Judy Chu.[29]
City
[edit]Five councilmembers are elected by the voters to serve a four-year term. The Mayor is appointed annually by the Council in a rotation among its members. The City Council is also the Redevelopment Agency Board of Directors. As of July 2024, the members are Mayor John Wu, Vice Mayor Denise Menchaca, and Councilmembers Eric Chan, Tony Ding, and John R. Harrington.[3]
The city's first Chinese American mayor was Chi Mui in 2006. He symbolized San Gabriel's rise as the new center of the region's Chinese community. He died of cancer three months later.[30] Mui was replaced by Albert Y. M. Huang, who served as mayor during his term. Huang submitted his resignation October 19, 2010, following a late-night domestic dispute with his girlfriend and subsequent arrest. Huang has since been cleared of all charges.[31]
Education
[edit].jpg)
The vast majority of the city of San Gabriel is served by the San Gabriel Unified School District.[32] It has five of the public elementary schools,[33] Jefferson Middle School, Gabrielino High School, Del Mar High School, which opened in 2010, is an alternative high school.[34]
A portion of San Gabriel is in the Garvey School District and the Alhambra Unified School District.[32] Two elementary schools that exist within the city limits are operated by the Garvey School District, in the southern portion of San Gabriel. San Gabriel High School is operated by Alhambra USD .
A portion of San Gabriel is in the Rosemead Elementary School District and the El Monte Union High School District.[32]
San Gabriel Mission High School is a Catholic, all girls school.
Media
[edit]San Gabriel community news are covered by the San Gabriel Valley Tribune, a paid daily newspaper, as well as by Mid-Valley News and San Gabriel Sun, which are community weeklies.
Culture
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The city has a mixture of Asian, European, and North American cultures.[35] Second- and third-generation Chinese Americans patronize its diverse array of stores and eateries.[30]
There is the 12-acre (49,000 m2) "San Gabriel Square" mall, sometimes referred to as the "Chinese Disneyland".[35] It was also nicknamed by the Los Angeles Times as "the great mall of China."[36][37] This stretch of Chinese shops and bold architecture, with roofs of Spanish-style tile, is the model for the new ethnoburbs recently recognized in places like Las Vegas and Houston.[35][38]
Transportation
[edit].jpg)
San Gabriel is currently served by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority.
In 2008, voters approved the measure, proposition 1A for the California High Speed Rail Project from San Diego to San Francisco.[39] The project will be constructed in two segments. The San Francisco to Los Angeles/Anaheim project is scheduled to be built first, at a cost of $43 billion, with a completion date in 2029.[39] The second phase of the proposed railway, from Los Angeles to stations in San Diego will not begin construction until after phase one is completed. The California High-Speed Rail Authority is responsible for planning, designing, and building the system.
Conceptually, the voters were very enthusiastic about a high speed railway. The reality of the possibility that it could impact their neighborhood and their homes is being met with steadfast disapproval. When the California High-Speed Rail Authority recently met with the city councils and residents of San Gabriel, El Monte, Rosemead[40] and Alhambra, to discuss the four proposed routes for phase two, the members of the three city councils expressed that residents were very concerned that the railway could possibly end up in their backyards.[39] Mayor David Gutierrez said, "We made a promise to the community that the city of San Gabriel will never allow anything like this to happen if there is any consideration that people might lose their home."[39] No decisions will be made until environmental impact and evaluation of the various proposed routes are completed in 2014.[39]
Notable people
[edit]- Rick Aguilera, Major League Baseball pitcher, was born in San Gabriel
- Hank Aguirre, Major League Baseball pitcher[41]
- Susan Atkins, convicted murderer, associate of Charles Manson
- Judge Roy Bean, notorious Wild West figure
- Jesse Chavez, Major League Baseball pitcher
- Francisco Dumetz, missionary
- Mike Garcia, Major League Baseball pitcher[41]
- Curly Howard, comedian and actor
- Ward Kimball, animator for Disney
- Mike Krukow, Major League Baseball pitcher and TV commentator[41]
- Billy Laughlin, child actor
- Dee Luong, poker player
- Gary McCord, pro golfer and TV commentator
- Angela Morales, writer
- Bill Mumy, actor[42]
- Danny Patterson, Major League Baseball pitcher
- General George S. Patton, World War II general
- Pio Pico, last Mexican Governor of California
- Luis J. Rodriguez, poet and writer
- Allan Sandage, astronomer
- Tex Schramm, original general manager of the Dallas Cowboys; born in San Gabriel[43]
- Laurence Trimble, silent film actor
- Louis Vitale, priest and peace activist
- Kurt Vollers, pro football player
- Joanna Wang, singer-songwriter[44]
Sister cities
[edit]
Changhua City (Changhua County, Taiwan) - (since 1986)
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2014.
- ^ "Office of the City Manager". City of San Gabriel. Retrieved June 21, 2019.
- ^ a b "City Council". City of San Gabriel. 2024. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
- ^ "San Gabriel". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
- ^ "US Census Bureau". www.census.gov. Retrieved September 14, 2024.
- ^ "USPS - ZIP Code Lookup - Find a ZIP+ 4 Code By City Results". Retrieved January 18, 2007.
- ^ "Number Administration System - NPA and City/Town Search Results". Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2007.
- ^ "History of San Gabriel". Retrieved May 6, 2021.
- ^ University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. University of California. 1907. p. 141.
- ^ The Masterkey, Volume 31. Southwest Museum. 1957. p. 125.
- ^ "City of San Gabriel, California, Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, Year ended June 30, 2009" (PDF). City of San Gabriel. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
- ^ Street, Richard Steven (2004). Beasts of the Field: A Narrative History of California Farmworkers, 1769-1913. Stanford University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780804738804.
a clerk with the Jedediah Smith fur-trapping party spent considerable time observing his San Gabriel mission surroundings. He soon found himself unable to tolerate the site of the natives working in the nearby vineyards and fields. 'They are kept in great fear, and for the least offense they are corrected,' he confided in his diary. 'They are... complete slaves in every sense of the word.'
- ^ Hull, Kathleen L.; Douglass, John G. (October 16, 2018). Forging Communities in Colonial Alta California. University of Arizona Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-8165-3892-8.
- ^ "Pio Pico - Last Governor of Mexican California". laalmanac.com.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions: Pico Rivera". County of Los Angeles Public Library. Archived from the original on November 21, 2010. Retrieved November 26, 2010.
- ^ a b Gally, Sid (March 9, 2010). "Past on Parade: What was the San Gabriel Valley like in 1853?". Pasadena Star-News. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
- ^ Paul R. Spitzzeri (Fall 2007). "What a Difference a Decade Makes: Ethnic and Racial Demographic Change in Los Angeles County during the 1860s" (PDF). Branding Iron.
- ^ U.S. Census Bureau. "Population of the United States in 1860: California" (PDF).
- ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: San Gabriel Fire DEPT, CA". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ "NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Los Angeles". National Weather Service. Retrieved May 7, 2023.
- ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. June 25, 2024. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ^ "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - San Gabriel city". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
- ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ "San Gabriel". maps.latimes.com. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
- ^ "Asian", Mapping L.A., Los Angeles Times
- ^ "Comprehensive Annual Financial Report". City of San Gabriel. June 30, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
- ^ "California's 28th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC.
- ^ a b Pierson, David (March 31, 2006). "Dragon Roars in San Gabriel". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ "City Council". City of San Gabriel. Archived from the original on December 22, 2006. Retrieved January 19, 2007.
- ^ a b c "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Los Angeles County, CA" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 10 (PDF p. 11/19). Retrieved November 19, 2023.
- ^ "San Gabriel Unified School District Listing". sgusd.k12.ca.us. Archived from the original on August 19, 2010. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
- ^ "Del Mar High School". delmar.sgusd.k12.ca.us. Retrieved March 29, 2022.
- ^ a b c "Points of Interest". City of San Gabriel. Archived from the original on May 3, 2011.
- ^ Jonathan Gold; Laurie Ochoa (November 12, 1992). "Cook's Walks: The Great Mall of China". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012.
- ^ "Welcome To The San Gabriel Square".
- ^ Shyong, Frank (February 27, 2023). "How renovation of an iconic Chinese mall represents a shift in L.A.'s Chinese community". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 27, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e "San Gabriel hears from Rail Authority and residents - Pasadena Star-News". Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
- ^ "Residents Oppose HighSpeed Railway in Alhambra Monday Night". San Marino Tribune.
- ^ a b c "McConnell picks baseball's best ever". February 17, 2009.
- ^ "Bill Mumy Biography (1954-)". www.filmreference.com.
- ^ Eskenazi, Gerald (July 16, 2003). "Tex Schramm Is Dead at 83; Builder of 'America's Team". The New York Times.
- ^ "Joanna Wang Lyrics". SweetsLyrics.com.[dead link]
External links
[edit]
| Geographic | |
|---|---|
| Other | |